{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T15:52:17Z","timestamp":1790265137106,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,20]],"date-time":"2023-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684540800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":309,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#am"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,15]],"date-time":"2022-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"U.S. Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RC\u20102638"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC\u20102638"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Host species that can independently maintain a pathogen in a host community and contribute to infection in other species are important targets for disease management. However, the potential of host species to maintain a pathogen is not fixed over time, and an important challenge is understanding how within\u2010 and across\u2010season variability in host maintenance potential affects pathogen persistence over longer time scales relevant for disease management (e.g., years). Here, we sought to understand the causes and consequences of seasonal infection dynamics in leopard frogs (\n                    <jats:italic>Rana sphenocephala<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Rana pipiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) infected with the fungal pathogen\n                    <jats:italic>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>Bd<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). We addressed three questions broadly applicable to seasonal host\u2013parasite systems. First, to what degree are observed seasonal patterns in infection driven by temperature\u2010dependent infection processes compared to seasonal host demographic processes? Second, how does seasonal variation in maintenance potential affect long\u2010term pathogen persistence in multi\u2010host communities? Third, does high deterministic maintenance potential relate to the long\u2010term stochastic persistence of pathogens in host populations with seasonal infection dynamics? To answer these questions, we used field data collected over 3\u2009years on &gt;1400 amphibians across four geographic locations, laboratory and mesocosm experiments, and a novel mathematical model. We found that the mechanisms that drive seasonal prevalence were different from those driving seasonal infection intensity. Seasonal variation in\n                    <jats:italic>Bd<\/jats:italic>\n                    prevalence was driven primarily by changes in host contact rates associated with breeding migrations to and from aquatic habitat. In contrast, seasonal changes in infection intensity were driven by temperature\u2010induced changes in\n                    <jats:italic>Bd<\/jats:italic>\n                    growth rate. Using our model, we found that the maintenance potential of leopard frogs varied significantly throughout the year and that seasonal troughs in infection prevalence made it unlikely that leopard frogs were responsible for long\u2010term\n                    <jats:italic>Bd<\/jats:italic>\n                    persistence in these seasonal amphibian communities, highlighting the importance of alternative pathogen reservoirs for\n                    <jats:italic>Bd<\/jats:italic>\n                    persistence. Our results have broad implications for management in seasonal host\u2013pathogen systems, showing that seasonal changes in host and pathogen vital rates, rather than the depletion of susceptible hosts, can lead to troughs in pathogen prevalence and stochastic pathogen extirpation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.3759","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]],"date-time":"2022-05-20T08:10:21Z","timestamp":1653034221000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Once a reservoir, always a reservoir? Seasonality affects the pathogen maintenance potential of amphibian hosts"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"103","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8274-8025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark Q.","family":"Wilber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture  Knoxville Tennessee USA"},{"name":"Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology University of California, Santa Barbara  Santa Barbara California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel E. B.","family":"Ohmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Living Earth Collaborative Washington University in St. Louis  St. Louis Missouri USA"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of Pittsburgh  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Department of Biology University of Mississippi  Oxford Mississippi USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karie A.","family":"Altman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of Pittsburgh  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Department of Biology St. Bonaventure University  St. Bonaventure New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2975-9494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura A.","family":"Brannelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of Pittsburgh  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences The University of Melbourne  Werribee Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brandon C.","family":"LaBumbard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology University of Massachusetts Boston  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2815-6651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily H.","family":"Le Sage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Microbiology, and Immunology Vanderbilt University School of Medicine  Nashville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina B.","family":"McDonnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology University of Massachusetts Boston  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aura Y.","family":"Mu\u00f1iz Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology University of Massachusetts Boston  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caitlin L.","family":"Nordheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology University of California, Santa Barbara  Santa Barbara California USA"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of Pittsburgh  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ferdinand","family":"Pfab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology University of California, Santa Barbara  Santa Barbara California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4212-041X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corinne L.","family":"Richards\u2010Zawacki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of Pittsburgh  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise A.","family":"Rollins\u2010Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Microbiology, and Immunology Vanderbilt University School of Medicine  Nashville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Saenz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of Pittsburgh  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0073-5790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jamie","family":"Voyles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology University of Nevada Reno  Reno Nevada USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel P.","family":"Wetzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of Pittsburgh  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas C.","family":"Woodhams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology University of Massachusetts Boston  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheryl J.","family":"Briggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology University of California, Santa Barbara  Santa Barbara California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/09-1225.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2005.00879.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","unstructured":"AmphibiaWeb.2021. \u201cAmphibiaWeb.\u201dhttps:\/\/amphibiaweb.org."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00285-011-0479-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/711927"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2343186"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gecco.2019.e00551"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acv.12380"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0912886107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/04-1428"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2012.0804"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/707862"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-011-9888-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2015.0454"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.13239"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/z86-040"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0093356"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(2000)081[0694:SSSAAN]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-28893-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001296"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","volume-title":"Bayesian Data Analysis","author":"Gelman A.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12519"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2017.08.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0812.010317"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.12628"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2015.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2004.2938"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao073175"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400841035"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2009.07.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.13386"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a121575"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007327"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/10.1.47"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.12456"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005568"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12115"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.084145"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2013.2962"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15572536.2005.11832990"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2435.2006.01159.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1659"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00285-011-0440-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033567"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2019.0540"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-017-1269-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.2892"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.170808"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2014.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12561"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","unstructured":"Wilber M. Q. M. E. B.Ohmer K. A.Altman L. A.Brannelly B. C.LaBumbard E. H.Le Sage N. B.McDonnell et al.2022. \u201cmqwilber\/bd_seasonality: Code for Amphibian\u2010Bd Seasonality Analysis.\u201d Zenodo Dataset.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.6407088."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/716914"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2005.004403.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/06-1842.1"}],"container-title":["Ecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ecy.3759","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ecy.3759","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/am-pdf\/10.1002\/ecy.3759","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ecy.3759","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,23]],"date-time":"2023-08-23T04:23:24Z","timestamp":1692764604000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ecy.3759"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,15]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ecy.3759"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ecy.3759","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-9658","1939-9170"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-9658","type":"print"},{"value":"1939-9170","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-10-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-03-31","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-07-15","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e3759"}}