{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T07:48:32Z","timestamp":1769845712484,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]],"date-time":"2024-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009708","name":"Novo Nordisk Fonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNF20OC0059948"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF20OC0059948"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201804910632"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201804910632"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>An increasing number of studies of above\u2010belowground interactions provide a fundamental basis for our understanding of the coexistence between plant and soil communities. However, we lack empirical evidence to understand the directionality of drivers of plant and soil communities under natural conditions: \u2018Are soil microorganisms driving plant community functioning or do they adapt to the plant community?\u2019 In a field experiment in an early successional dune ecosystem, we manipulated soil communities by adding living (i.e., natural microbial communities) and sterile soil inocula, originating from natural ecosystems, and examined the annual responses of soil and plant communities. The experimental manipulations had a persistent effect on the soil microbial community with divergent impacts for living and sterile soil inocula. The plant community was also affected by soil inoculation, but there was no difference between the impacts of living and sterile inocula. We also observed an increasing convergence of plant and soil microbial composition over time. Our results show that alterations in soil abiotic and biotic conditions have long\u2010term effects on the composition of both plant and soil microbial communities. Importantly, our study provides direct evidence that soil microorganisms are not \u201cdrivers\u201d of plant community dynamics. We found that soil fungi and bacteria manifest different community assemblies in response to treatments. Soil fungi act as \u201cpassengers,\u201d that is, soil microorganisms reflect plant community dynamics but do not alter it, whereas soil bacteria are neither \u201cdrivers\u201d nor \u201cpassengers\u201d of plant community dynamics in early successional ecosystems. These results are critical for understanding the community assembly of plant and soil microbial communities under natural conditions and are directly relevant for ecosystem management and restoration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.4312","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]],"date-time":"2024-04-26T09:29:24Z","timestamp":1714123764000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Fungal communities are passengers in community development of dune ecosystems, while bacteria are not"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"Chenguang","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Biology Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University  Leiden The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T. Martijn","family":"Bezemer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology, Above\u2010Belowground Interactions Group, Leiden University  Leiden The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Terrestrial Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO\u2010KNAW)  Wageningen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter M.","family":"van Bodegom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Biology Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University  Leiden The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8983-2721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petr","family":"Baldrian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences  Praha Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Petr","family":"Kohout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences  Praha Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Mancinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Biology Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University  Leiden The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harrie","family":"van der Hagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dunea Duin &amp; Water  Zoetermeer The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nadejda A.","family":"Soudzilovskaia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Biology Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University  Leiden The Netherlands"},{"name":"Center for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University  Hasselt Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0801925105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2304663120"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2013.104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-020-04598-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ecolsys-112414-054306"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2261701"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2008.01254.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/09-2198.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02421-18"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2745.12615"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2013.11.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2010.0575"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-0477.2004.00924.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr381"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/11-2266.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02635-19"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2745.12048"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao C. 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