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Variation in cohesion between individuals, in turn, shapes important group\u2010level processes such as subgroup formation and fission\u2013fusion dynamics. Although critical to animal sociality, a comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing cohesion remains a gap in our knowledge of cooperative behavior in animals. We tracked 574 individuals from six species within the genus <jats:italic>Canis<\/jats:italic> in 15 countries on four continents with GPS telemetry to estimate the time that pairs of individuals within social groups spent in close proximity and test hypotheses regarding drivers of cohesion. Pairs of social canids (<jats:italic>Canis<\/jats:italic> spp.) varied widely in the proportion of time they spent together (5%\u2013100%) during seasonal monitoring periods relative to both intrinsic characteristics and environmental conditions. The majority of our data came from three species of wolves (gray wolves, eastern wolves, and red wolves) and coyotes. For these species, cohesion within social groups was greatest between breeding pairs and varied seasonally as the nature of cooperative activities changed relative to annual life history patterns. Across species, wolves were more cohesive than coyotes. For wolves, pairs were less cohesive in larger groups, and when suitable, small prey was present reflecting the constraints of food resources and intragroup competition on social associations. Pair cohesion in wolves declined with increased anthropogenic modification of the landscape and greater climatic variability, underscoring challenges for conserving social top predators in a changing world. We show that pairwise cohesion in social groups varies strongly both within and across <jats:italic>Canis<\/jats:italic> species, as individuals respond to changing ecological context defined by resources, competition, and anthropogenic disturbance. Our work highlights that cohesion is a highly plastic component of animal sociality that holds significant promise for elucidating ecological and evolutionary mechanisms underlying cooperative behavior.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.4492","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]],"date-time":"2024-12-12T08:25:19Z","timestamp":1733991919000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Intrinsic and environmental drivers of pairwise cohesion in wild <i>Canis<\/i> social groups"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"106","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3993-4340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John F.","family":"Benson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska\u2010Lincoln  Lincoln Nebraska USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David 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