{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T16:58:55Z","timestamp":1780592335931,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]],"date-time":"2024-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANS\u20102113641"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANS\u20102113641"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["269957"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["269957"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Environmental changes, such as climate warming and higher herbivory pressure, are altering the carbon balance of Arctic ecosystems; yet, how these drivers modify the carbon balance among different habitats remains uncertain. This hampers our ability to predict changes in the carbon sink strength of tundra ecosystems. We investigated how spring goose grubbing and summer warming\u2014two key environmental\u2010change drivers in the Arctic\u2014alter CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> fluxes in three tundra habitats varying in soil moisture and plant\u2010community composition. In a full\u2010factorial experiment in high\u2010Arctic Svalbard, we simulated grubbing and warming over two years and determined summer net ecosystem exchange (NEE) alongside its components: gross ecosystem productivity (GEP) and ecosystem respiration (ER). After two years, we found net CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> uptake to be suppressed by both drivers depending on habitat. CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> uptake was reduced by warming in mesic habitats, by warming and grubbing in moist habitats, and by grubbing in wet habitats. In mesic habitats, warming stimulated ER (+75%) more than GEP (+30%), leading to a 7.5\u2010fold increase in their CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> source strength. In moist habitats, grubbing decreased GEP and ER by ~55%, while warming increased them by ~35%, with no changes in summer\u2010long NEE. Nevertheless, grubbing offset peak summer CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> uptake and warming led to a twofold increase in late summer CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> source strength. In wet habitats, grubbing reduced GEP (\u221240%) more than ER (\u221230%), weakening their CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> sink strength by 70%. One\u2010year CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010flux responses were similar to two\u2010year responses, and the effect of simulated grubbing was consistent with that of natural grubbing. CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010flux rates were positively related to aboveground net primary productivity and temperature. Net ecosystem CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> uptake started occurring above ~70% soil moisture content, primarily due to a decline in ER. Herein, we reveal that key environmental\u2010change drivers\u2014goose grubbing by decreasing GEP more than ER and warming by enhancing ER more than GEP\u2014consistently suppress net tundra CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> uptake, although their relative strength differs among habitats. By identifying how and where grubbing and higher temperatures alter CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> fluxes across the heterogeneous Arctic landscape, our results have implications for predicting the tundra carbon balance under increasing numbers of geese in a warmer Arctic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.4498","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]],"date-time":"2024-12-10T06:16:11Z","timestamp":1733811371000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Goose grubbing and warming suppress summer net ecosystem <scp>CO<sub>2<\/sub><\/scp> uptake differentially across high\u2010Arctic tundra habitats"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"106","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9829-8324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Petit Bon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Arctic Biology The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS)  Longyearbyen Norway"},{"name":"Department of Wildland Resources, Quinney College of Natural Resources and Ecology Center Utah State University  Logan Utah USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4997-2495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen H.","family":"Beard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Wildland Resources, Quinney College of Natural Resources and Ecology Center Utah State University  Logan Utah USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0942-1074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kari Anne","family":"Br\u00e5then","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries, and Economics Arctic University of Norway  Troms\u00f8 Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2003-4377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanna","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences Norwegian University of Science and Technology  Trondheim Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3804-7077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingibj\u00f6rg S.","family":"J\u00f3nsd\u00f3ttir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Arctic Biology The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS)  Longyearbyen Norway"},{"name":"Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Iceland  Reykjavik Iceland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1657\/1938-4246-41.2.164"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13750-024-00330-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","unstructured":"Bates D. 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