{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T13:21:37Z","timestamp":1780320097665,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17\/22273\u20100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17\/22273\u20100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["111.210\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["111.210\/2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recreational diving is an important activity in reef environments worldwide, providing income and employment for coastal communities and connecting visiting divers to these ecosystems promoting conservation and stewardship. However, if poorly managed, diving has the potential to cause detrimental effects on benthic communities via mechanical damage caused by physical contact of divers with the reef, often in the form of unintentional fin kicks resulting from poor buoyancy. Understanding diver\u2013reef interaction patterns is important to elucidate the potential impacts of diving tourism on the reef biota. The DiverReef database provides the first public dataset on the underwater behavior of recreational divers in shallow reef environments (&lt;25\u2009m depth) globally and their interactions with the reef seascape and\/or reef benthic sessile organisms. The dataset comprises 20\u2009years of data (2004\u20132023) by observing the behavior of 2311 recreational divers in nine countries at 19 diving destinations and 176 diving sites; 93% of the observations were in marine protected areas. The data were collected through on\u2010site observations of divers' behavior during tourism activities and their physical interactions with the reef structure and\/or benthic sessile reef organisms. Observers discreetly followed divers and recorded their behavior and interactions with the reef over set periods. Interactions were described as \u201ccontact\u201d or \u201cdamage,\u201d the latter referring to when physical damage to a benthic organism or the reef structure was observed. Besides behavior, observers also recorded data on the type of diving activity (scuba or snorkeling), profiles of the divers (gender and experience), use of cameras by the divers, visibility, type of reef formation, and marine protection status of the dive site. The authors of this research expect that the data provided will be useful in advancing knowledge of how divers interact with reefs and in developing strategies to mitigate the potential detrimental effects of the diving industry on reef biota. Part of the data has already been used in reports and scientific articles. This dataset can be freely used for noncommercial purposes; we request that users of these data cite this data paper in all publications resulting from the use of this dataset.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.4519","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T11:28:35Z","timestamp":1739878115000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["<scp>DiverReef<\/scp>: A global database of the behavior of recreational divers and their interactions with reefs over 20\u2009years"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"106","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1856-4942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vinicius J.","family":"Giglio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal do Oeste do Par\u00e1, Campus Oriximin\u00e1  Oriximin\u00e1 Par\u00e1 Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johnatas","family":"Adelir\u2010Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Meros do Brasil  Curitiba Paran\u00e1 Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Balzaretti Merino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arts, Education and Humanities Department, Centro Universitario de la Costa Universidad de Guadalajara  Guadalajara Jalisco Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myrna Leticia","family":"Bravo\u2010Olivas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Sciences Department, Centro Universitario de la Costa Universidad de Guadalajara  Guadalajara Jalisco Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma F.","family":"Camp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Climate Change Cluster University of Technology  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edoardo","family":"Casoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Biology Sapienza University of Rome  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa Maria","family":"Ch\u00e1vez\u2010Dagostino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Sciences Department, Centro Universitario de la Costa Universidad de Guadalajara  Guadalajara Jalisco Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eliana","family":"Ferretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Marine Science The University of Auckland  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas","family":"Fraser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Environmental &amp; Planning Sheffield Hallam University  Sheffield UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana C.","family":"Grillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s\u2010Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ecologia Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte  Natal Rio Grande do Norte Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santiago","family":"Jim\u00e9nez\u2010Gui\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ecolog\u00eda Litoral  Alicante Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelen L.","family":"Leite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NGI Alcatrazes Instituto Chico Mendes para a Conserva\u00e7\u00e3o da Biodiversidade  S\u00e3o Sebasti\u00e3o S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serena","family":"Lucrezi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TREES North\u2010West University  Potchefstroom South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6995-6524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Osmar J.","family":"Luiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Science Program Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions  Perth Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Luna\u2010P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Science and Applied Biology University of Alicante  Alicante Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamie","family":"McBride","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural England  York UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Milanese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Studio Associato GAIA  Genoa Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Moity","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charles Darwin Research Station Charles Darwin Foundation  Santa Cruz Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonison V.","family":"Pinheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade Universidade Federal do Oeste do Par\u00e1  Santar\u00e9m Par\u00e1 Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2449-6007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bobbie","family":"Renfro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Science Florida State University  Tallahassee Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronan","family":"Roche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ocean Sciences Bangor University  Bangor UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruna M.","family":"Saliba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Marinha Universidade Federal Fluminense  Niter\u00f3i Rio de Janeiro Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Sara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Studio Associato GAIA  Genoa Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8429-7646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre","family":"Schiavetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Agr\u00e1rias e Ambientais Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz  Ilh\u00e9us Bahia Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yann","family":"Toso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente Polytechnic University of Marche  Ancona Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Valle\u2010P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Science and Applied Biology University of Alicante  Alicante Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos E. 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