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In the context of the stress\u2010gradient hypothesis (SGH), we predicted less negative PSFs in alpine versus prairie systems and tested this with three alpine and four prairie species and soil from three elevational gradients in western Montana, USA. All species were smaller when grown in prairie soil than in alpine soil, and sterilization of soil increased the growth only of alpine species in prairie soil. Training prairie soil with conspecifics decreased the biomass of both alpine and prairie species, but training alpine soil had no effect. PSFs were three times more negative when plants were grown in low\u2010elevation prairie soils than in alpine soils. Consistent with the original ideas for the SGH, the frequency of positive PSFs was higher in alpine soil than in prairie soil, and the frequency of negative PSFs was higher in prairie soil than in alpine soil. Our results suggest that alpine species may escape more intense negative PSFs at lower elevations and that PSFs will not limit the upward movement of plant species as temperatures warm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.70112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T12:38:59Z","timestamp":1748349539000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Escape from harmful soil biota at high elevations: Plant\u2013soil feedbacks along stress gradients"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"106","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6939-3573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenbo","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, School of Environment Northeast Normal University  Changchun China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education Northeast Normal University  Changchun China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2999-6545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huixuan","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Ecology Sun Yat\u2010sen University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2843-8517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert W.","family":"Pal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Montana Technological University  Butte Montana USA"},{"name":"Institute of Biology, Faculty of Sciences University of Pecs  Pecs Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7342-4312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ragan M.","family":"Callaway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biological Sciences University of Montana  Missoula Montana USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.2729"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adf2027"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020117"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-5347(94)90088-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2024.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1941601"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00035-021-00250-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.1976.tb01532.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02322"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12217"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s44154-022-00076-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(2001)082[3295:FACOGI]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.3081"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-020-0759-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2009.01996.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1910420116"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/13-2226.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12080"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/06-0502"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2745.2004.00944.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2008.01209.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v082.i13"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.13093"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","unstructured":"Lenth R.2024.\u201cEmmeans: Estimated Marginal Means Aka Least\u2010Squares Means.\u201dR Package Version 1.10.3.https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=emmeans."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiaa122"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo W. 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