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Nevertheless, few studies have employed manipulative experiments to quantify the effects of fire on infections across parasite species. In a mark\u2013recapture study, prescribed burns did not significantly affect the densities of Cuban tree frog (CTF; <jats:italic>Osteopilus septentrionalis<\/jats:italic>) definitive hosts. However, prescribed burn field experiments and a before\u2010after\u2010control\u2010burn mesocosm study revealed that fire decreased a skin\u2010penetrating nematode in CTFs by killing the parasite's soil\u2010dwelling, free\u2010living stage, with hotter fires causing a greater reduction in soil\u2010dwelling nematodes. Additionally, prescribed burns were associated with increases in a terrestrial acuariid nematode and several aquatic trematode metacercariae in CTFs, likely by increasing intermediate host densities. Seven years after the burns, we found little evidence of full recovery because the trajectories of these parasites did not show clear signs of flattening. These results suggest that fire can have predictable and long\u2010term direct and indirect positive and negative effects on parasite transmission.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.70179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,10]],"date-time":"2025-08-10T13:04:16Z","timestamp":1754831056000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Field experiments on the effects of fire on parasite transmission to amphibian hosts"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Nicole","family":"Ortega","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry University of Tampa  Tampa Florida USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Shepack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of Notre Dame  Notre Dame Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wayne","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Studies University of Tampa  Tampa Florida USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Todd","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Studies University of Tampa  Tampa Florida USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kym Rouse","family":"Holzwart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southwest Florida Water Management District  Brooksville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven A.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8285-4912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason R.","family":"Rohr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of Notre Dame  Notre Dame Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1607171113"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42408-021-00113-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/033.046.0509"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aal4108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11829-018-9657-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.4212"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bates D. 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