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Wood\u2010decay fungi are responsible for the loss of stored carbon in living trees, and they make trees susceptible to snapping and uprooting in storms. We used sonic tomography to measure the prevalence and severity of decay in 1744 live trees (\u226520\u2009cm diameter) of 171 species on the 50\u2010ha Forest Dynamics Plot on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. A median of &lt;2% of the cross\u2010sectional trunk area showed decay, but 15% of trees had &gt;20% decay. Twenty percent of the combined basal area showed decay, representing a loss of approximately 1% of aboveground biomass. Larger trees more often showed internal decay, with one quarter of trees showing decay before reaching canopy height. Decay severity varied by species; 23% of species showed &lt;2% decay while 9% of species lost over half their basal area. Rare species were more affected than locally abundant species, and species with traits associated with a fast life history were more susceptible to decay. These results suggest that hidden wood decay affects a large proportion of living tropical forest trees.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.70208","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T03:05:49Z","timestamp":1757905549000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Hidden decay of live trees in a tropical rain forest"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"106","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5195-9903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory S.","family":"Gilbert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Studies University of California Santa Cruz  Santa Cruz California USA"},{"name":"Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute  Panama Republic of Panama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brant C.","family":"Faircloth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences and Museum of Natural Science Louisiana State University  Baton Rouge Louisiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Travis C.","family":"Glenn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Science University of Georgia  Athens Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier O.","family":"Ballesteros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute  Panama Republic of Panama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9sar A.","family":"Barrios\u2010Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute  Panama Republic of Panama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ernesto","family":"Bonadies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute  Panama Republic of Panama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marjorie L.","family":"Cede\u00f1o\u2010S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute  Panama Republic of Panama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nohely J.","family":"Fossatti\u2010Caballero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute  Panama Republic of Panama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Mois\u00e9s","family":"P\u00e9rez\u2010Su\u00f1iga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute  Panama Republic of Panama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariam M.","family":"Trejos\u2010Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute  Panama Republic of Panama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen P.","family":"Hubbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute  Panama Republic of Panama"},{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California, Los Angeles  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/tpv005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00396763"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11056-012-9314-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2003.10.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/x73-014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02827589950154104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2020.108849"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-14-16"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0329.1989.tb00276.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abm4875"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004420050044"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-005-0100-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2009.01285.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139445"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3417\/2020591"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","unstructured":"Condit R. 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