{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T12:02:44Z","timestamp":1788436964274,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008786","name":"Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RR 05557\u2010R\u201022 (Project B22100321)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RR 05557\u2010R\u201022 (Project B22100321)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008786","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Antipredator defenses typically act at distinct stages of the predation sequence\u2014encounter, identification, approach, and subjugation. However, their effectiveness has rarely been quantified and compared simultaneously in wild predator\u2013prey systems. We conducted a study in Peru, where we installed aviaries at two localities and recorded the responses of wild avian predators to three types of antipredator defenses\u2014crypsis, aposematism, and evasiveness\u2014expressed by three butterfly prey types. The study included both immature and adult birds from forest and urban environments, representing the present community of insectivorous birds. We tested the theoretical expectations that cryptic butterflies (Nymphalidae: Euptychiina) were rarely detected, aposematic\n                    <jats:italic>Heliconius<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) were often sighted but seldom attacked, and evasive\n                    <jats:italic>Spicauda<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Hesperiidae: Eudaminae) were frequently detected and attacked but evaded capture at higher rates. Despite these distinct defensive strategies, mortality rates among prey types were largely similar, but predator life stage strongly influenced defense effectiveness, with immature birds tending to attack\n                    <jats:italic>Heliconius<\/jats:italic>\n                    more frequently. Additionally, predator family influenced predation patterns, with more skilled insectivores (e.g., Vireonidae) showing higher capture success against defended prey. These findings illuminate the evolutionary pressures that shape predator behavior and prey defenses in tropical ecosystems. The similar mortality rates underscore the adaptive value of these defenses, which collectively distribute the total predation pressure across prey species.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.70248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T23:49:33Z","timestamp":1763596173000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Quantifying the success of prey crypsis, aposematism, and evasiveness in avoiding predator attack"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"106","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0686-3961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Linke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Centre CAS (Czech Academy of Sciences) Institute of Entomology  \u010cesk\u00e9 Bud\u011bjovice Czechia"},{"name":"Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia  \u010cesk\u00e9 Bud\u011bjovice Czechia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Hernandez Mejia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museum of Natural History and Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas of the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos  Lima Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valery N. P.","family":"Eche Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher  Lima Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prapti","family":"Gohil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia  \u010cesk\u00e9 Bud\u011bjovice Czechia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9sar","family":"Ram\u00edrez Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biol\u00f3gica de las Cordilleras Orientales  Tarapoto Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Letty","family":"Salinas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museum of Natural History and Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas of the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos  Lima Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianne","family":"Elias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Syst\u00e9matique, Evolution, Biodiversit\u00e9, Mus\u00e9um National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, EPHE, Universit\u00e9 des Antilles  Paris France"},{"name":"Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute  Col\u00f3n Panama"},{"name":"Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, CNRS, INSERM, Coll\u00e8ge de France PSL University  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P\u00e1vel","family":"Matos\u2010Marav\u00ed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Centre CAS (Czech Academy of Sciences) Institute of Entomology  \u010cesk\u00e9 Bud\u011bjovice Czechia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10682-015-9815-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266467400008270"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.2005.00458.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.1986.tb01772.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44185-022-00007-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2022.0562"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1519216113"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2019.04.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/een.12335"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","volume-title":"Birds of Peru: Revised and Updated Edition","author":"Egg A. 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