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In a pristine grassland, we used a four\u2010year 2\u2009\u00d7\u20092 factorial field\u2010warming experiment coupled with a greenhouse bioassay to test how growing\u2010 and nongrowing\u2010season warming influence soil nitrogen, fungal communities, and subsequent invasive plant performance. Growing\u2010season warming increased soil NH\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2010N, NO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2010N, and available nitrogen, and elevated the effective species number of pathogenic fungi. Nongrowing\u2010season warming increased soil NO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2010N and generated soil legacies that enhanced invasive plant biomass and root allocation. Conversely, year\u2010round warming reduced soil NO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2010N and suppressed invasive biomass relative to nongrowing\u2010season warming. Moreover, invasive plant biomass was positively related to soil NO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2010N but showed no correlation with the effective species number of pathogenic fungi. Our findings show that warming produces seasonally contingent soil legacies mediated by specific nitrogen pathways. Predicting invasion dynamics under climate change requires seasonally explicit frameworks, rather than relying on annual mean temperature increases alone.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.70446","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T23:57:41Z","timestamp":1789430261000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Growing\u2010 and nongrowing\u2010season warming affect invasive plant growth via soil legacy effects"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"Guoyong","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology, Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation and Ecological Restoration School of Life Sciences, Henan University  Kaifeng Henan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinzhan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology, Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation and Ecological Restoration School of Life Sciences, Henan University  Kaifeng Henan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6714-5253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayub M. O.","family":"Oduor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences  Changchun China"},{"name":"Department of Biological and Life Sciences Technical University of Kenya  Nairobi Kenya"},{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Eco\u2010Environmental Science for Yellow River Delta Shandong University of Aeronautics  Binzhou Shandong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luna","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology, Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation and Ecological Restoration School of Life Sciences, Henan University  Kaifeng Henan China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences  Changchun China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3948-1246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanjie","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences  Changchun China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.12252"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2010.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2009.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12205"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","unstructured":"Chen W. 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