{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T02:27:14Z","timestamp":1786588034449,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DEB\u20101655626"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEB\u20101655626"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The order and timing of species' arrival in a community can often change species interactions. Termed priority effects, this phenomenon arises in communities with drastically different life histories (e.g., bacteria, insects, and amphibians), yet how their life history traits affect the consequences of priority effects in seasonal systems remains understudied. Here, we test how the length of one growing season, which can accommodate different numbers of overlapping generations, interacts with priority effects using two competing flour beetles,\n                    <jats:italic>Tribolium castaneum<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Tribolium confusum<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We manipulated the sequence and timing of arrivals and collected all adults after one, two, or three generations, simulating phenological shifts in communities with different growing season lengths with less or more overlapping generations. The early\u2010arriving species always reached a higher population, and in general, its per capita competition towards the late arriver was stronger, indicating priority effects. However, fitting competition models to the data revealed that for both species, longer experimental durations (which included more overlapping generations) led to less dramatic changes in competitive outcomes with differences in arrival time, indicating that overlapping generations of each species provided a buffer against strong priority effects from different arrival times. These results suggest that changes in the order and timing of species arrival (e.g., due to climate change) can impact species coexistence, but such effects could be contingent on the life history, such as the number of generations of interacting species, or abiotic factors, such as the duration of a growing season.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.70454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T11:07:23Z","timestamp":1783076843000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Consequences of phenological shifts are determined by the number of generations per season"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"107","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1965-6910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heng\u2010Xing","family":"Zou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Department of BioSciences Rice University  Houston Texas USA"},{"name":"Institute for Global Change Biology University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9214-2000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Volker H. W.","family":"Rudolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Department of BioSciences Rice University  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2311.2008.01020.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2009.1910"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ecm.1302"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(1998)079[2839:TTDCOC]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/708719"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.13184"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aesa\/saaa001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.31.1.343"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2745.13035"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/02-0347"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2656.2003.00743.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.14021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ecolsys-110411-160340"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1932174"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/oik.06957"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0235289"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(2001)082[2696:RSEDFI]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-018-0679-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Warming and Shifting Phenology Accelerate an Invasive Plant Life Cycle","volume":"0","author":"Keller J. A.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1714511115"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-016-1691-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2018.0547"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1932450"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/oik.02341"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2010.01677.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/394454"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1948641"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/physzool.27.3.30152164"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/physzool.30.1.30166306"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2006.tb01872.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41437-021-00420-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","unstructured":"R Core Team.2024.\u201cR: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.12203"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/113.2.391"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","unstructured":"Riddle R. R.1976.\u201cDensity\u2010Dependent Selection and the Maintenance of Genetic Variation in Life\u2010History Attributes: Evidence from Tribolium castaneum and T. confusum in Temporally Heterogeneous Environments.\u201dOregon State University."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.12850"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.13277"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/5257"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.70030"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.13870"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.14302"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","unstructured":"Stan Development Team.2024.\u201cRStan: The R Interface to Stan.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ecm.1585"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/oik.04243"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/670127"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2745.12369"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/704168"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2023.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2023.1217"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zou H.\u2010X.2026.\u201cData for: Consequences of Phenological Shifts Are Determined by the Number of Generations Per Season.\u201dFigshare. Dataset.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6084\/m9.figshare.32118556.v2","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.02.17.638696"}],"container-title":["Ecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ecy.70454","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ecy.70454","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ecy.70454","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ecy.70454","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T01:36:32Z","timestamp":1786584992000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ecy.70454"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ecy.70454"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ecy.70454","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-9658","1939-9170"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-9658","type":"print"},{"value":"1939-9170","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-02-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-27","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-03","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70454"}}