{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T12:59:11Z","timestamp":1790686751331,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Periodic outbreaks of forest insect pests shape northern forest dynamics, yet interactions between multiple insect\u2013host systems\u2014and their role in ecosystem metastability and resilience\u2014remain poorly understood. To elucidate these spatiotemporal interactions, we investigated the coupled dynamics of two dominant insect\u2013host systems\u2014spruce budworm (SBW) associated with late\u2010successional fir and spruce, and forest tent caterpillar (FTC) associated with early\u2010successional aspen. We assess whether asynchronous outbreak patterns shift over time and whether those shifts are consistent with forest compositional change. Using tree\u2010ring data from mixedwood sites across a 20,000\u2010km\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    hemiboreal landscape at the United States\u2013Canada border, we reconstructed outbreak histories (1928\u20132005) and applied multi\u2010scaled analyses guided by resilience theory. We analyzed outbreak dynamics across a continuous range of temporal resolutions, summarizing patterns into short (years), intermediate (decade), and long (multi\u2010decade) windows to evaluate spatial persistence and cross\u2010species correlations, and examined whether patterns over the longest windows align with contemporary forest composition. SBW and FTC cycled independently over short windows, but cross\u2010correlations became increasingly negative as windows lengthened to multi\u2010decadal scales, consistent with compositional feedbacks. Spatial persistence within species shifted from positive over short windows to strongly negative over long windows, where outbreak centers reciprocally inverted between early and contemporary periods\u2014a \u201ctrading spaces\u201d dynamic indicative of metastability. These patterns show that insect outbreaks are not passive responses but feedback\u2010driven agents interacting with anthropogenic legacies that accelerate compositional change. Our findings highlight how cross\u2010scale feedbacks involving slow and fast regulatory processes shape disturbance regimes, thus supporting resilience theory and the concept of dynamic stability. Forest homogenization through fire suppression and past logging may collapse the stability landscape into a biphasic regime dominated by SBW and FTC, whereas increasing compositional and structural diversity can expand it into multiphasic regimes that attenuate disturbance amplitudes and promote asynchronous dynamics\u2014underscoring the role of diversity\u2013stability and resilience principles in guiding forest management.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.70469","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T04:35:58Z","timestamp":1788842158000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Insect defoliators trading spaces in a hemiboreal forest: Implications for diversity\u2013stability and ecosystem resilience"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"107","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0965-6260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian R.","family":"Sturtevant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station  Rhinelander Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8347-9832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barry J.","family":"Cooke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Forest Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre  Sault Ste. Marie Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Kneeshaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d'\u00e9tude de la for\u00eat (CEF), Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Montr\u00e9al  Montr\u00e9al Qu\u00e9bec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4406-4079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louis\u2010Etienne","family":"Robert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Forest Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre  Sault Ste. Marie Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick M. A.","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Department of Forestry University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie\u2010Jos\u00e9e","family":"Fortin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter T.","family":"Wolter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management Iowa State University  Ames Iowa USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7003-8774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip A.","family":"Townsend","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10021-013-9744-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.3952"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5558\/tfc51138-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/1540-9295(2003)001[0376:ASSIE]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1127(96)03924-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3237264"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5558\/tfc44017-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/x83-079"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(2006)87[2319:FDASSB]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-008-9294-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/A09-004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-019-04585-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biosci\/biaa088"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Towards Sustainable Management of the Boreal Forest","author":"Burton P. 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