{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T23:19:00Z","timestamp":1791933540505,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32192464"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32192464"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32192461"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32192461"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Identifying the key drivers of changes in species biomass, abundance, and distribution across trophic levels in terrestrial ecosystems represents a fundamental challenge in ecology. The shape of trophic pyramids\u2014reflecting the relative biomass or abundance of various trophic groups, such as herbivores, omnivores, predators, and parasitoids\u2014is anticipated to vary with both the quantity and nutritional quality of plants. However, a comprehensive understanding of how these factors influence the shape of trophic pyramids in grassland ecosystems remains elusive. In this study, we utilize replicated monocultures of 15 herbaceous species in the Inner Mongolian grassland to investigate the effects of plant biomass, macronutrients (including protein, carbohydrate, and phosphorus), and micronutrients (such as sodium) on the structure of arthropod trophic pyramids and the abundances within different trophic levels. Our results demonstrated that plant biomass, leaf protein\u2010to\u2010carbohydrate ratio, and sodium content collectively contributed to a top\u2010heavy structure in arthropod trophic pyramids, characterized by a relatively higher proportion of predators and parasitoids. Specifically, plant biomass enhanced this top\u2010heaviness both directly, by increasing the abundance of predators and parasitoids, and indirectly, by increasing chewing and sucking herbivores, which in turn bolstered the abundance of predators and parasitoids. Furthermore, leaf sodium and the protein\u2010to\u2010carbohydrate ratio positively influenced parasitoid abundance through increasing the abundance of sucking herbivores and endophytes. Given that climate change and human activities, such as nitrogen fertilization and saline water irrigation, are altering plant biomass, nutrient composition, and sodium availability globally, our findings suggest that these changes will have significant cascading effects on arthropod trophic structures and overall ecosystem functioning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.70483","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T10:23:41Z","timestamp":1788517421000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Plant biomass and macro\u2010 and micronutrients jointly drive top\u2010heavy arthropod trophic pyramids in grassland monocultures"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"107","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7380-0699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoming","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Forage Breeding\u2010by\u2010Design and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuezhen","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Forage Breeding\u2010by\u2010Design and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"},{"name":"College of Life Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taiki","family":"Tachibana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences Yokohama National University  Yokohama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6944-3422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ellen A. R.","family":"Welti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Conservation Ecology Center Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute  Front Royal Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kei","family":"Uchida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Sustainable Agro\u2010Ecosystem Services The University of Tokyo  NishiTokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8727-9152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takehiro","family":"Sasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences Yokohama National University  Yokohama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6656-4501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongfei","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Forage Breeding\u2010by\u2010Design and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"},{"name":"College of Resources and Environment University of Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3803155"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.47.091201.145300"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02850"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0022293031000156303"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","volume-title":"Package\u2014MuMIn: Multi Model Inference. R Package Version 1.43. 17","author":"Barton K.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.54.110807.090537"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/11-2029.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(2006)87[1325:TMOAGT]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124192021002004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2435.2010.01794.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1214433"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(2000)081[2485:TEOPHA]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.1571"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2014.04.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2006.01122.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.232715699"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004420000510"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/QEN-120001878"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fitting Linear Mixed\u2010Effects Models Using lme4","volume":"67","author":"Douglas Bates M.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsoil.2008.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1358"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-120120-111607"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cois.2023.101027"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1461-0248.2002.00307.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1636\/P14-58.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aac6284"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(1997)078[2145:PPAPAM]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1009300107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1938624"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/11-1142.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ecolsys-012021-090118"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.3459"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.1677"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000084924"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.13288"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.2029"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1930126"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","volume-title":"Regression Models for Categorical and Limited Dependent Variables","author":"Long J. S.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/12-2063.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.13742"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2745.13982"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu X. M. X. Z.Zhao T.Tachibana E.Welti K.Uchida T.Sasaki andY. F.Bai.2026.\u201cData and Code from: Plant Biomass and Macro\u2010 and Micronutrients Jointly Drive Top\u2010Heavy Arthropod Trophic Pyramids in Grassland Monocultures [Dataset].\u201dDryad.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5061\/dryad.xsj3tx9wn","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.70483"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12900"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041-210x.2012.00261.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/283817"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2010.01674.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.3392"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2008.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(02)02455-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35016565"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1941469"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.2909"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.3453"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1570-7458.1992.tb00662.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2390238"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2008.01236.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-011-1965-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.43.1.421"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bcon.1995.1038"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i02"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2020.106849"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-74004-9_14"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2018.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(1998)079[2057:ETOEOP]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0508915103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3496570"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.13796"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.13119"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.2600"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/09-1291.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_1","unstructured":"Wood S. N.2022.\u201cmgcv: Mixed GAM Computation Vehicle with Automatic Smoothness Estimation.\u201dhttps:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/mgcv\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.2016.1180986"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0710603105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0103697"}],"container-title":["Ecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ecy.70483","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ecy.70483","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ecy.70483","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T12:29:09Z","timestamp":1790684949000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ecy.70483"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ecy.70483"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ecy.70483","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-9658","1939-9170"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-9658","type":"print"},{"value":"1939-9170","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-10-16","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-29","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-04","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70483"}}