{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T12:59:07Z","timestamp":1790686747025,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003977","name":"Israel Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1280\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1280\/22"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003977","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005155","name":"Azrieli Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Heatwaves challenge our understanding of how environmental stressors reshape host\u2013parasite interactions, particularly during the critical \u201coff\u2010host\u201d stages of endoparasites. These stages, often dismissed as inert and unaffected by environmental changes, remain a black box in ecological research despite their key role in parasites' life cycle. Here, we examined how heatwaves affect the infectivity and progression of infection of\n                    <jats:italic>Pasteuria ramosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a bacterial parasite of the planktonic crustacean\n                    <jats:italic>Daphnia magna<\/jats:italic>\n                    . In order to measure the respective influences of the bacterial genotype and the heatwaves, we exposed the off\u2010host stages (=spores) from four genetically distinct parasite clones to three temperature regimes (20\u00b0C, 30\u00b0C, 40\u00b0C) and tested their subsequent effects on host and parasite traits. Heatwaves reduced parasite infectivity, regardless of parasite genotype. Intriguingly, heat\u2010stressed spores induced genotype\u2010specific shifts in their host: One host clone increased castration rates at higher temperatures, while others experienced moderate to dramatic declines. Furthermore, individuals exposed to heat\u2010stressed spores that remained uninfected exhibited enhanced survival, suggesting reduced costs of resistance against damaged parasite spores. This study provides insights into how heatwaves, endured only by the parasite, can modulate various aspects of host\u2013parasite interactions, underlying the importance of the parasite's environmental history in evolutionary ecology and epidemiology.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.70497","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T05:26:37Z","timestamp":1789622797000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Phenotypic plasticity of \u2018off\u2010host\u2019 parasite stages in response to heatwaves in the\n                    <i>Daphnia<\/i>\n                    \u2010\n                    <i>Pasteuria<\/i>\n                    system"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"107","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0707-1202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justine","family":"Boutry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University  Tel Aviv Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3840-3751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noa","family":"Lavi Shasha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University  Tel Aviv Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1978-5659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frida","family":"Ben\u2010Ami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University  Tel Aviv Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.13.3.397-401.1965"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2019.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1006596"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","unstructured":"Boutry J.2026.\u201cPhenotypic Plasticity of 'Off\u2010Host' Parasite Stages in Response to Heatwaves in theDaphnia\u2010PasteuriaSystem.\u201dZenodo.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.21954103."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2007.08.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12420"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.160535"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2014.2820"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2004.49.4_part_2.1355"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13227-022-00199-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/424606"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2015.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-12619-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.14523"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","first-page":"3056 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