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This is especially true for vectors that transmit human pathogens. However, studies investigating the effects of environmental variation on vectors have typically investigated environmental factors in isolation or in laboratory experiments that examine constant environmental conditions that often do not occur in the field. To address these limitations, we conducted a semi\u2010field experiment in Athens, Georgia, using the invasive Asian tiger mosquito (\n                    <jats:italic>Aedes albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). We selected nine sites that varied in impervious surface and vegetation cover to explore effects of natural variation in microclimate (specifically, temperature, and relative humidity) on mosquitoes. We manipulated conspecific larval density at each site and repeated the experiment in summer and fall to further increase the variability in temperature and relative humidity. We then evaluated the original design features (land cover, larval density, and season), and their interactions, on the mean proportion of females emerging, juvenile development time, size upon emergence, and estimated per capita population growth (i.e., fitness). We found significant effects of larval density, land cover, and season on all response variables, including a non\u2010intuitive decrease in development time with increasing larval density in fall. We repeated these analyses using the hypothesized microclimate drivers of these effects: temperature and relative humidity. In general, the model using the microclimate variables outperformed the model using land use and season, highlighting the roles of temperature and relative humidity and their interactions with density on mosquito traits and dynamics. Our study demonstrates that ignoring the interaction between variation in biotic (e.g., intraspecific competition) and abiotic (e.g., temperature and relative humidity) variables could reduce the accuracy and precision of models used to predict mosquito population and pathogen transmission dynamics, especially those inferring dynamics at finer spatial scales across which transmission and control occur.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.70521","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T10:47:11Z","timestamp":1791283631000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mosquito population dynamics are shaped by interactions among larval density, temperature, and relative humidity"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"107","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9903-3827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole","family":"Solano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia  Athens Georgia USA"},{"name":"Center for Ecology of Infectious Diseases University of Georgia  Athens Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily C.","family":"Herring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia  Athens Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carl W.","family":"Hintz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Ecology North Carolina State University  Raleigh North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip M.","family":"Newberry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia  Athens Georgia USA"},{"name":"Center for Ecology of Infectious Diseases University of Georgia  Athens Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annakate M.","family":"Schatz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia  Athens Georgia USA"},{"name":"Center for Ecology of Infectious Diseases University of Georgia  Athens Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph W.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Ecology of Infectious Diseases University of Georgia  Athens Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3659-1581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory R.","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ashley School of Global Development and the Environment, Cornell University  Ithaca New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1918-7904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Craig W.","family":"Osenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia  Athens Georgia USA"},{"name":"Center for Ecology of Infectious Diseases University of Georgia  Athens Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Courtney C.","family":"Murdock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia  Athens Georgia USA"},{"name":"Center for Ecology of Infectious Diseases University of Georgia  Athens Georgia USA"},{"name":"Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Cornell University  Ithaca New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjac046"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-38.5.646","article-title":"Precipitation and Temperature Effects on Populations of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae): Implications for Range Expansion","volume":"38","author":"Alto B. 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