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While temperature is widely recognized as a major determinant of organismal performance, population responses to thermal stress are also shaped by biotic interactions. Intraspecific competition, in particular, can impose energetic and density\u2010dependent constraints that influence life history traits underlying individual and population fitness. Yet, despite its ecological importance, little is known about whether competition history alters offspring responses to subsequent environmental stress across generations. Here, we investigated how parental competition history shapes offspring responses to cool thermal stress across multiple generations in the marine nematode\n                    <jats:italic>Litoditis marina<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Pm III). Populations were maintained for nine generations under contrasting competition regimes and offspring were subsequently evaluated at either an optimal temperature (20\u00b0C) or a cool suboptimal temperature (15\u00b0C), representing a deviation below the species' thermal optimum. Cool thermal stress consistently reduced offspring performance, but its effects depended strongly on parental competition history. Under optimal conditions, offspring originating from high\u2010competition populations exhibited slower development but partially compensated through increased fecundity. Under cool thermal stress, however, this compensatory response disappeared: Offspring from high\u2010competition populations showed lower fecundity and reduced population growth relative to offspring from low\u2010competition populations, with these differences becoming increasingly pronounced across generations. Across all measured traits, offspring originating from high\u2010competition populations exhibited slower development, lower reproductive output, and reduced demographic performance under cool thermal stress. These findings demonstrate that parental competition history can strongly influence offspring responses to subsequent environmental challenges and contribute to persistent multigenerational differences in population performance. Our results identify biotic environmental history as an important determinant of population responses to environmental change and highlight the need to integrate both ecological interactions and abiotic stressors when predicting population resilience under future environmental conditions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.70524","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T09:27:23Z","timestamp":1790242043000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Parental competition history shapes offspring responses to thermal stress across generations"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"107","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4526-5160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodgee Mae","family":"Guden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Biology Research Group, Department of Biology Ghent University  Ghent Belgium"},{"name":"Laboratory of Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity Conservation, Department of Biology KU Leuven  Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matahun Prihandini Binar","family":"Rizkianti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Biology Research Group, Department of Biology Ghent University  Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna\u2010Maria","family":"Vafeiadou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Biology Research Group, Department of Biology Ghent University  Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofie","family":"Derycke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Biology Research Group, Department of Biology Ghent University  Ghent Belgium"},{"name":"Aquatic Environment and Quality Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO)  Oostende Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Moens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Biology Research Group, Department of Biology Ghent University  Ghent Belgium"},{"name":"Worm Models in Ecological and Evolutionary Research \u2010 WON(E)DER, Department of Biology Ghent University  Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/43425"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/677386"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/686901"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13135"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12848"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/03-9000"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.054718"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2018.1374"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9780691206981"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/132.8.2393S"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00227-011-1769-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0042674"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jembe.2015.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-9994-10-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10709-006-6944-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2008.03846.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","volume-title":"Allgemeine Meereskunde: Eine Einf\u00fchrung in die Ozeanographie","author":"Dietrich G.","year":"1957"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1323"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13903"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2018.0186"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jembe.2007.11.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2146-7"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","first-page":"443","article-title":"Environmental Unpredictability and Offspring Size: Conservative Versus Diversified Bet\u2010Hedging","volume":"6","author":"Einum S.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Evolutionary Ecology Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","volume-title":"An R Companion to Applied Regression","author":"Fox J.","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","first-page":"80","article-title":"Effects of Intra\u2010 and Interspecific Interactions on Species Responses to Environmental Change","volume":"70","author":"Fox J. 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