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Snowpack decline disrupts winter soil thermal and hydrological regimes, alters soil microbial activity beneath the snowpack, and triggers cascading effects on vegetation growth and biogeochemical fluxes into the growing season. Despite growing evidence of these changes, the mechanisms underlying these cascade effects and their regional variation remain poorly understood. This review integrates multi\u2010ecosystem\u2010component monitoring results from snow manipulation studies at two contrasting, well\u2010studied northern forest sites\u2014in the northeastern United States and northern Japan\u2014within a unified cascade framework. We also synthesize findings from a broader range of experiments to explore how regional conditions mediate the impacts of reduced snowpack on northern forests. Finally, we discuss key experimental challenges and propose future research directions to improve predictive understanding of winter climate change impacts on northern forest ecosystems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.70526","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T11:17:27Z","timestamp":1791285447000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cascading effects of winter climate change in northern forests: Microclimate, microbes, biogeochemical flux, and vegetation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"107","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8358-5379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazuo","family":"Isobe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Vegetation Structure, Function and Construction, Institute of Ecology, and College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8461-3696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryunosuke","family":"Tateno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Field Science Education and Research Center, Kyoto University  Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karibu","family":"Fukuzawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University  Hokkaido Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nanae","family":"Hosokawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shikoku Research Center Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute  Kochi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomoki","family":"Oda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shikoku Research Center Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute  Kochi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth, Environmental, and Planetary Sciences Case Western Reserve University  Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6570-3837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pamela H.","family":"Templer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Boston University  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter M.","family":"Groffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City University of New York  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11512","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0801925105","article-title":"Resistance, Resilience, and Redundancy in Microbial Communities","volume":"105","author":"Allison S. 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