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It remains unclear, however, how species\u2010specific responses to heterogeneous environments contribute to variation in the mechanisms by which community composition promotes coexistence. In this study, we use a reciprocal field experiment to examine how two sources of fine\u2010scale spatial variation\u2014the physical sheltering and soil conditioning separately provided by coarse woody materials (CWM)\u2014influence the composition of winter annual plant communities and the germination and growth performance of three dominant species from these communities. We found that the effects of soil conditioning and physical sheltering from CWM each contributed to spatial variation in plant composition, separately. The presence or absence of CWM in the immediate vicinity of plants explained about 10% of the variation in community composition and had a significant, species\u2010specific effect on germination and biomass for all three focal species. A larger proportion of variation (~50%) in plant assemblages was explained by the broader\u2010scale spatial unit of experimental blocks, suggesting that broader\u2010scale environmental factors have a greater impact on species composition in these communities than the very localized fine\u2010scale impacts of CWM (~10%). Our study provides empirical evidence that species\u2010specific responses to spatial heterogeneity align with spatial variation in community composition, consistent with the prerequisite necessary for the operation of spatial coexistence mechanisms. Fine\u2010scale spatial heterogeneity contributes to spatial variation in overall species composition, though its effect is relatively smaller than that of broader\u2010scale spatial heterogeneity. Together, our findings suggest that plant community composition is structured through the combined influence of fine\u2010 and broader\u2010scale spatial processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.70532","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T11:31:35Z","timestamp":1791286295000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Species\u2010specific responses to environmental heterogeneity underpin spatial variation in annual plant communities"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"107","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9875-3056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wing Man","family":"Siu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of BioSciences The University of Melbourne  Parkville Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7853-194X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jake","family":"Eckersley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences The University of Western Australia  Crawley Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7389-5528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John M.","family":"Dwyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of the Environment The University of Queensland  St. Lucia Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5101-6542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margaret M.","family":"Mayfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of BioSciences The University of Melbourne  Parkville Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6597-3087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aubrie R. 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