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Historically, these regions have often been refugia from land\u2010use change, resource exploitation, and pollution, but climate warming and biological invasions increasingly constitute profound threats. Focusing on terrestrial plant and invertebrate species, we provide an overview of the impacts of climate change and biological invasions on the biodiversity of cold regions, from the individual to the species level, and discuss pervasive challenges to understanding and managing these impacts. In particular, we explore the consequences of climate change and biological invasions in the contexts of individual physiology, population dynamics, and species redistribution. 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