{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T06:39:26Z","timestamp":1789799966648,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,25]],"date-time":"2023-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692921600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Endocrino Diabet &amp; Metabol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thyroid disorders and diabetes mellitus coexist and are prevalent endocrinopathies among adult population. Thyroid dysfunction contributes to metabolic imbalances, increase beta\u2010cell apoptosis and glucose intolerance. There is paucity of data and contradicting findings on how thyroid dysfunction influence glycaemic control. Therefore, we evaluated thyroid dysfunction and glycaemic control among Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients in Ghana.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A comparative cross\u2010sectional study was conducted among 192 T2DM patients from Effia Nkwanta Regional Hospital. Three consecutive monthly fasting plasma glucose (FBG) and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) were analysed and the results were classified as, moderate hyperglycaemia (MH) (FBG\u2009=\u20096.1\u201312.0\u2009mmol\/L, HbA1c\u2009&lt;\u20097%), severe hyperglycaemia (SH) (FBG\u2009\u2265\u200912.1\u2009mmol\/L, HbA1c\u2009&gt;\u20097%) and good glycaemic controls (GC) (FBG\u2009=\u20094.1\u20136.0\u2009mmol\/L, HbA1c\u2009&lt;\u20097%). Thyroid\u2010stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (FT3) and free thyroxine (FT4), body mass index (BMI) and other clinical parameters were measured. Data analysis was done using R language version 4.0.2 and <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.05 was considered statistically significant.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There were no significant differences in age (years) between patients in the various glycaemic groups (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.9053). The overall prevalence of thyroid disorders was 7.8% among T2DM patients. The prevalence of thyroid disorders was higher in patients with SH (11.7%) followed by those with MH (7.5%) and then those with GC (5.4%). Serum levels of TSH and FT3\/FT4 ratio were significantly lower in T2DM patients with SH compared to those with MH and the GC (<jats:italic>p\u2009&lt;<\/jats:italic>\u2009.0001). However, FT4 was significantly higher in SH patients compared to the good glycaemic controls (<jats:italic>p\u2009&lt;<\/jats:italic>\u2009.01). The first tertiles of TSH [aOR\u2009=\u200910.51, 95% CI (4.04\u201317.36), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.0001] and FT3 [aOR\u2009=\u20092.77, 95% CI (1.11\u20136.92), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.0290] were significantly and independently associated with increased odds of hyperglycaemia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction is high in T2DM and increases with hyperglycaemia. Reduced TSH and T3 may worsen glycaemic control. Periodic monitoring of thyroid function should be incorporated into management guidelines among T2DM patients in Ghana.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/edm2.447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,25]],"date-time":"2023-08-25T07:24:29Z","timestamp":1692948269000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Thyroid dysfunction and glycaemic control among Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Ghana: A comparative cross\u2010sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Samuel Asamoah","family":"Sakyi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology  Kumasi Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bright","family":"Ameyaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology  Kumasi Ghana"},{"name":"Laboratory Department Effia Nkwanta Regional Hospital  Western Region Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edwin Ferguson","family":"Laing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology  Kumasi Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Anthony","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Effia Nkwanta Regional Hospital  Western Region Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard K. Dadzie","family":"Ephraim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Technology University of Cape Coast  Cape Coast Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7096-4652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfred","family":"Effah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology  Kumasi Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afia Agyapomaa","family":"Kwayie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology  Kumasi Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2973-8952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ebenezer","family":"Senu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology  Kumasi Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enoch Odame","family":"Anto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical and Health Science Edith Cowan University  Joondalup Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Acheampong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology  Kumasi Ghana"},{"name":"School of Medical and Health Science Edith Cowan University  Joondalup Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bright Oppong","family":"Afranie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology  Kumasi Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Amoani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Technology University of Cape Coast  Cape Coast Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Opoku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology  Kumasi Ghana"},{"name":"Department of Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology  Kumasi Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"WHO.Global report on diabetes.2016.https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241565257"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-S014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-2504"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-210"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02913318"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-10-0710"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-002-0842-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-019-00700-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/439463"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","unstructured":"AnveethaP RaoKP ChittimojuVK.Research Article Biological Sciences.www.ijpbsonline.com"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12291-012-0293-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2007.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.1297"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030442"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-S005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780199593972.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/1764079"},{"issue":"5152","key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","article-title":"Subclinical hypothyroidism: summary of evidence in 2014","volume":"144","author":"Baumgartner C","year":"2014","journal-title":"Swiss Med Wkly"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-021-00625-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1611144"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","article-title":"Hyperthyroidism (primary)","volume":"2010","author":"Nygaard B","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ Clin Evid"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2006.100628"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2004.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-24-10-965"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470721896"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","unstructured":"AryeeNA TagoeEA.Association of thyroid\u2010stimulating hormone and thyroid hormones with lipid profile in Ghanaian Euthyroid patients with type 2 diabetes.2014.https:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=8c4d07d15c2d191fb2244c06dd583dd60b082c22"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diaspect.19.3.148"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2415-8-10"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2009.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.1995.tb00553.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","first-page":"465","article-title":"The mechanism of thyroid hormone abnormalities in patients with diabetes mellitus","volume":"70","author":"Suzuki Y","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nihon Naibunpi Gakkai Zasshi"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","first-page":"150","article-title":"Evaluation of thyroid dysfunction among type II diabetic patients","volume":"2","author":"Vij V","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ijpbs"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2016.12.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2019.07.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2017.12.016"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","first-page":"75","article-title":"Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction among greek type 2 diabetic patients attending an outpatient clinic","volume":"2","author":"Papazafiropoulou A","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Med Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","first-page":"1583","article-title":"Thyroid function in type 2 diabetes mellitus and in diabetic nephropathy","volume":"7","author":"Rai S","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19840715)54:2<274::AID-CNCR2820540215>3.0.CO;2-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.5.1047"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","volume-title":"Definition and Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus and Intermediate Hyperglycemia: Report of a WHO\/IDF Consultation","author":"WHO","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2008.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.321.7258.405"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2011.10.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-3930.45268"}],"container-title":["Endocrinology, Diabetes &amp; Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/edm2.447","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,11]],"date-time":"2023-11-11T09:37:24Z","timestamp":1699695444000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/edm2.447"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,25]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/edm2.447"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/edm2.447","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2398-9238","2398-9238"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-9238","type":"print"},{"value":"2398-9238","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-06-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-08-12","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-08-25","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e447"}}