{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T18:50:23Z","timestamp":1792090223514,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]],"date-time":"2024-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Endocrino Diabet &amp;amp; Metabol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Previous meta\u2010analyses have shown mixed results regarding the association between eating disorders (EDs) and type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Our paper aimed to analyse different EDs and disordered eating behaviours that may be practiced by patients with T1DM.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A literature search of PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science was conducted on 17 January 2023, using the key terms \u201cT1DM,\u201d \u201cEating Disorders\u201d and \u201cBulimia.\u201d Only observational controlled studies were included. The Revman software (version 5.4) was used for the analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>T1DM was associated with increased risk of ED compared with nondiabetic individuals (RR\u2009=\u20092.47, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.84\u20133.32, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2010value\u2009&lt;\u20090.00001), especially bulimia nervosa (RR\u2009=\u20092.80, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.18\u20136.65, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2010value\u2009=\u20090.02) and binge eating (RR\u2009=\u20091.53, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.18\u20131.98, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2010value\u2009=\u20090.001). Our analysis has shown that increased risk of ED among T1DM persisted regardless of the questionnaire used to diagnose ED; DM\u2010validated questionnaires (RR\u2009=\u20092.80, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.91\u20134.12, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2010value\u2009&lt;\u20090.00001) and generic questionnaires (RR\u2009=\u20092.03, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.27\u20133.23, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2010value\u2009=\u20090.003). Prevalence of insulin omission\/misuse was 10.3%; diabetic females demonstrated a significantly higher risk of insulin omission and insulin misuse than diabetic males.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study establishes a significant and clear connection between EDs and T1DM, particularly bulimia and binge eating, with T1DM. Moreover, female diabetics are at higher risk of insulin misuse\/omission. Early proactive screening is essential and tailored; comprehensive interventions combining diabetes and ED components are recommended for this population, with referral to a specialised psychiatrist.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/edm2.473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]],"date-time":"2024-04-10T10:48:42Z","timestamp":1712746122000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Association Between Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Eating Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6907-0339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yomna E.","family":"Dean","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Alexandria University  Alexandria Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karam R.","family":"Motawea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Alexandria University  Alexandria Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muaaz","family":"Aslam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al\u2010Nahyan Medical and Dental College  Lahore Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose J. Loayza","family":"Pintado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de San Martin de Porres Facultad de Medicina Humana  Lima Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen A. 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