{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T09:49:39Z","timestamp":1792057779234,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]],"date-time":"2024-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001537","name":"University of Auckland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001537","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Endocrino Diabet &amp;amp; Metabol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) continues to increase particularly for non\u2010European women. This study aimed to identify and quantify risk factors for women diagnosed with gestational diabetes in New Zealand to identify women at higher risk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A national dataset of 601,166 eligible women who had \u2265\u20091 birth in New Zealand between January 2001 and December 2010 identified 11,459 women with gestational diabetes of whom 11,447 were randomly matched with 57,235 control women for age and year of delivery.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Adjusted odds ratios (95% CI) showed higher odds of gestational diabetes for Asian (3.60, 3.39\u20133.82), Pacific (2.76, 2.57\u20132.96) and M\u0101ori (1.23, 1.15\u20131.31) women compared with European\/Other women. Women most economically disadvantaged (1.44, 1.34\u20131.56), not registered with a lead maternity carer (1.16, 1.04\u20131.30) and those identified as smokers (1.20, 1.11\u20131.31) were more likely than control women to develop gestational diabetes. In contrast, women residing in rural (0.83, 0.77\u20130.88) and remote areas (0.68, 0.60\u20130.77) were less likely to develop gestational diabetes compared with women living in urban areas, and similarly for non\u2010New Zealand resident women (0.78, 0.72\u20130.85) compared with resident women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Women who were diagnosed with gestational diabetes were more likely to be non\u2010European, economically disadvantaged, residing in urban areas, unregistered with a lead maternity carer and more likely to smoke. In addition to universal screening for pre\u2010existing diabetes, all women at risk of gestational diabetes should be identified and supported to undertake to a 75\u2009g glucose challenge test between 24 and 28\u2009weeks.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/edm2.70005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]],"date-time":"2024-10-07T19:44:28Z","timestamp":1728330268000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Risk Factors in a Multi\u2010Ethnic National Case\u2013Control Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Barbara\u00a0M.","family":"Daly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences University of Auckland  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenqiang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatric Medicine University of Auckland  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynne","family":"Chepulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Waikato Medical Research Centre, School of Health University of Waikato  Hamilton New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert\u00a0K.\u00a0R.","family":"Scragg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population Health University of Auckland  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","volume-title":"Screening, Diagnosis and Management of Gestational Diabetes in New Zealand: A Clinical Practice Guideline","author":"Ministry of Health","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884\u2010019\u20102521\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20503121221109911"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","volume-title":"Obesity in 2021\/22 an Experimental Analysis Using Data From General Practices","author":"Ministry of Health","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","volume-title":"National Women's Health 2022 P\u016brongo Haumanu \u0101 Ta Annual Clinical Report","author":"Auckland District Health Board","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","unstructured":"Stats New Zealand \u201cBirths and Deaths: Year Ended December 2021 (Including Abridged Period Life Table) \u201d(2022) https:\/\/www.stats.govt.nz\/information\u2010releases\/births\u2010and\u2010deaths\u2010year\u2010ended\u2010december\u20102021\u2010including\u2010abridged\u2010period\u2010life\u2010table\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.15803"},{"issue":"1450","key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"Screening for Diabetes in Pregnancy in a Regional Area With a High Maori Population","volume":"130","author":"Daly B.","year":"2017","journal-title":"New Zealand Medical Journal"},{"issue":"1525","key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","first-page":"106","article-title":"Ethnic Inequities in Screening for Diabetes in Pregnancy in New Zealand\u2010Adherence to National Guidelines","volume":"133","author":"Chepulis L.","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Zealand Medical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajo.12166"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd9020055"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6692695"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajo.13476"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1753\u20100407.13535"},{"issue":"1270","key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","first-page":"74","article-title":"Screening, Diagnosis and Services for Women With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) in New Zealand: A Technical Report From the National GDM Technical Working Party","volume":"121","author":"Simmons D.","year":"2008","journal-title":"New Zealand Medical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479\u2010828x.2001.tb01229.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884\u2010023\u201005907\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/297420"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.668447"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","volume-title":"Asian Health in Aotearoa in 2011\u20132013: Trends Since 2002\u20132003 and 2006\u20132007","author":"Scragg R.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2023.110840"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020\u2010023\u201003423\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2018.04.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2022.110139"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002488"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108625"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430\u2010021\u201000920\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports\u20102018\u2010099355"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856\u2010024\u201000491\u20101"}],"container-title":["Endocrinology, Diabetes &amp; Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/edm2.70005","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T04:49:57Z","timestamp":1732510197000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/edm2.70005"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/edm2.70005"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/edm2.70005","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2398-9238","2398-9238"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-9238","type":"print"},{"value":"2398-9238","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-05-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-09-15","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-10-07","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70005"}}