{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T03:43:35Z","timestamp":1780631015102,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,4]],"date-time":"2025-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743724800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Endocrino Diabet &amp;amp; Metabol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) represents a considerable global health burden, affecting approximately 5%\u201310% of individuals with diabetes. Once\u2010weekly basal insulin could substantially reduce the number of injections for T1DM patients from 365 daily to 52 weekly doses annually. Therefore, this meta\u2010analysis compares the safety and efficacy of once\u2010weekly insulin formulations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The systematic review and meta\u2010analysis included the relevant randomised controlled trials (RCTs) retrieved from PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane, and SCOPUS databases until September 2024. The meta\u2010analysis was performed using (RevMan 5.4.1). The study protocol was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42024603022).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Three RCTs comprising 1724 participants were included. Once\u2010daily insulin significantly decreased glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) compared to once\u2010weekly insulin (estimated treatment difference: 0.09%, 95% CI [0.07, 0.11], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.00001). Fasting blood glucose levels were comparable between the once\u2010weekly and once\u2010daily insulin groups (estimated treatment difference: 0.44\u2009mg\/dL, 95% CI [\u22120.64, 1.52], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.42).<\/jats:p><jats:p>Once\u2010weekly insulin was associated with a significant increase in the incidence of injection site reactions (RR: 3.48 with 95% CI [1.30, 9.31], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.01), serious adverse events (RR: 1.55 with 95% CI [1.09, 2.19], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.01), and treatment\u2010emergent adverse events (RR: 1.12 with 95% CI [1.02, 1.23], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.02), while no significant difference was observed in hypersensitivity reactions (RR: 1.04 with 95% CI [0.78, 1.38], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.79).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Once\u2010daily insulin has demonstrated slightly superior HbA1c reduction, while once\u2010weekly insulin offers potential advantages in patient adherence. However, these benefits must be weighed against an increased risk of injection site reactions and nocturnal hypoglycemia. Although once\u2010weekly insulin is more convenient, treatment decisions should consider individual patient factors such as hypoglycemia risk and tolerance to injection reactions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/edm2.70048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,5]],"date-time":"2025-04-05T22:32:38Z","timestamp":1743892358000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Once\u2010Weekly Insulin Versus Once\u2010Daily Insulin for Type 1 Diabetes Treatment: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7213-0507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Obieda","family":"Altobaishat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Jordan University of Science and Technology  Irbid Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed Farid","family":"Gadelmawla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Menoufia University  Menoufia Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0707-2990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suliman","family":"Almohtasib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of Jordan  Amman Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2807-3725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Husam Abu","family":"Suilik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine The Hashemite University  Zarqa Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"AlMothana","family":"Manasrah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department United Health Services\u2013Wilson Medical Center  Johnson City New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8917-671X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Abouzid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy Poznan University of Medical Sciences  Poznan Poland"},{"name":"Doctoral School Poznan University of Medical Sciences  Poznan Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4261-0638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mustafa","family":"Turkmani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Michigan State University  East Lansing Michigan USA"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine McLaren Health Care  Oakland Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2514-0689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Abuelazm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Tanta University  Tanta Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","unstructured":"CDC \u201cDiabetes Basics \u201d(2024) https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/diabetes\/about\/index.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-1502"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-S002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-1765"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2020-001329"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-012-2708-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-2395"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14956"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.122.001105"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","first-page":"694","volume-title":"Cochrane Handbook of Systematic Reviews of Interventions","author":"Higgins J. 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