{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T15:59:43Z","timestamp":1791907183182,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750118400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Endocrino Diabet &amp;amp; Metabol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to compare the gut microbiome (GM) composition, serum inflammatory markers and faecal short\u2010chain fatty acids among individuals with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and healthy controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This case\u2013control study examined 49 subjects with type 2 DM, 21 with type 1 DM and 40 healthy controls. Blood and faecal samples were collected. Serum inflammatory markers, including CRP, IL\u20101\u03b2, IL\u20106, TNF\u2010\u03b1 and IFN\u2010\u03b3, were measured using enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Bacterial populations were quantified using RT\u2010qPCR and NGS. Faecal metabolites were analysed using gas chromatography.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Simpson's alpha diversity was higher among types 1 and 2 DM than in the control. The frequency of the bacterial genera <jats:italic>Gemmiger<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Dorea<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Collinsella<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Escherichia\/Shigella<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Dialister<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Coprococcus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Achromobacter<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Intestinimonas<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Allisonella<\/jats:italic> in type 2 DM was higher than in the control, and the frequency of the genera <jats:italic>Romboutsia<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Clostridium<\/jats:italic> was decreased in type 2 DM. The frequency of the <jats:italic>Prevotella<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Bacteroides<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Faecalibacterium<\/jats:italic> genera in type 1 DM was lower than in the other groups. Acetate, propionate and butyrate levels were significantly higher in type 2 DM patients compared to the other groups. Participants with diabetes had significantly higher hs\u2010CRP, IL1\u2010\u03b2, TNF, IL\u20106 and IFG levels compared to the controls. Compared to healthy controls, both T1DM and T2DM patients showed a significant increase in the abundance of the <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> genus (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.01) and a decrease in <jats:italic>Faecalibacterium<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.02). Additionally, serum levels of IL\u20106 and TNF\u2010\u03b1 were significantly elevated in T2DM patients (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.003 and <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.005, respectively). Faecal levels of butyrate were significantly reduced in both diabetic groups compared to the controls (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.004).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>By determining the GM alterations in patients with diabetes, interventional strategies could be designed to modulate the GM composition as an adjunctive therapy in diabetes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/edm2.70071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T07:35:22Z","timestamp":1750145722000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The Comparison of the Gut Microbiome Composition, Serum Inflammatory Markers and Faecal Short\u2010Chain Fatty Acids Among Individuals With Type 1 and 2 Diabetes Mellitus With Healthy Controls: A Case\u2013Control Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8316-9511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hossein","family":"Yarmohammadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research Pasteur Institute of Iran  Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9590-2776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masood","family":"Soltanipur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research Pasteur Institute of Iran  Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Quality of Life Department Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR  Tehran 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Cancer Research Center Non\u2010Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences  Sari Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4386-4672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alireza","family":"Razavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Clinical Virology Tehran University of Medical Science  Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2903-682X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seyed Mohsen","family":"Mirhosseini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Center Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences  Tehran 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