{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T03:01:41Z","timestamp":1790823701161,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":182,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]],"date-time":"2025-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]],"date-time":"2025-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764374400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Endocrino Diabet &amp;amp; Metabol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The interplay between type 1 diabetes (T1D) and concomitant autoimmune diseases (AID) is both clinically and scientifically relevant. In this review, we delineate the epidemiological, pathophysiological and practical aspects underlying polyautoimmunity with a focus on T1D.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A comprehensive review of literature on T1D and associated AID was conducted, with the aim of drawing informed conclusions relevant to clinical practice. It draws on a targeted PubMed search conducted March\u2013May 2025, emphasising recent peer\u2010reviewed articles in English.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Epidemiological data consistently indicate that individuals with T1D exhibit a significantly increased prevalence of additional AID. Familial aggregation of discordant AID and the concept of polyglandular autoimmune syndromes (PAS) or autoimmune polyendocrinopathy highlight that multiple AID can cluster and occur in a sequential and overlapping fashion, with T1D frequently acting as either an early or a subsequent manifestation. Thereby, genetic susceptibility, environmental triggers and epigenetic factors are pivotal in the initiation and progression of autoimmunity. Clinically, the coexistence of T1D with other AID poses significant challenges in disease management, often necessitating adjustments in therapeutic regimens and careful monitoring to mitigate complications. Early detection via stratified autoantibody testing is important for timely intervention and improved long\u2010term outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Accordingly, screening for T1D\u2010associated autoantibodies in individuals with a personal or family history of AIDs, and vice versa, should be implemented in clinical practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/edm2.70119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]],"date-time":"2025-11-29T17:53:56Z","timestamp":1764438836000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Type 1 Diabetes and Other Autoimmune Diseases\u2014Epidemiology, Pathophysiology and Screening"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0441-430X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George J.","family":"Kahaly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine I Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU) Medical Center  Mainz Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Forst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Services Mannheim GmbH  Mannheim Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Kellerer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Internal Medicine 1, Marienhospital  Stuttgart Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Lanzinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University  Ulm Germany"},{"name":"German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD)  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6667-5188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ren\u00e9 D.","family":"R\u00f6tzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sciarc GmbH  Baierbrunn Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Schott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division for Specific Endocrinology, Medical Faculty University Hospital D\u00fcsseldorf  D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra\u2010Maria","family":"Schumm\u2010Draeger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center Internal Medicine F\u00fcnf H\u00f6fe  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581\u2010023\u201000720\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021933"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365\u20102265.2003.01862.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102249.2004.02416.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(04)16154\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2022.103143"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15\u20101419"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(23)01301\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2022.102266"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","volume-title":"Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Estimates in Children and Adults","author":"Ogle G. 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