{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T19:32:05Z","timestamp":1784662325232,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761436800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Endocrino Diabet &amp;amp; Metabol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Kefir, a traditional fermented milk beverage, has been increasingly promoted for its various health benefits. This systematic review and meta\u2010analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) aimed to assess the effects of kefir on blood pressure and C\u2010reactive protein (CRP) levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A literature search was conducted using databases such as ISI Web of Science, Scopus and PubMed for articles published until January 2025, with no restrictions. A random\u2010effects meta\u2010analysis was conducted for all key outcome measures. The inverse\u2010variance weighted mean difference (WMD) was calculated with a 95% confidence interval (CI).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of seven RCTs, comprising 385 subjects, were included in the meta\u2010analysis. We involved RCTs conducted on adult participants (over 18\u2009years old). These studies generally administered kefir for at least 2\u2009weeks and compared the outcomes to those in the control group. The findings showed that kefir consumption had no significant impact on systolic blood pressure (SBP) (WMD: \u22121.76\u2009mmHg; 95% CI: \u22125.21, 1.69;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.317), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (WMD: \u22121.19\u2009mmHg; 95% CI: \u22123.40, 1.03;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.295) or CRP levels (WMD: \u22120.17\u2009mg\/L; 95% CI: \u22120.84, 0.49;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.609) compared to those who did not consume kefir. However, subgroup analysis indicated that CRP levels significantly decreased with longer durations of kefir consumption (\u2265\u20098\u2009weeks).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Kefir consumption in adults did not result in significant reductions in systolic or diastolic blood pressure or CRP levels. Nonetheless, there is some evidence that long\u2010term kefir consumption may improve CRP levels over time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/edm2.70124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T16:46:04Z","timestamp":1761497164000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Effect of Kefir Consumption on Blood Pressure and C\u2010Reactive Protein: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Elaheh","family":"Rashidbeygi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition &amp; Food Technology Research Institute Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahnoush Mehrzad","family":"Samarin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Master of Sport Physiology, Education and Sport Science Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Science and Research Branch Islamic Azad University  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Sheikhhossein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS)  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir Hossein","family":"Khalilkhaneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS)  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masoomeh","family":"Gholizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition, School of Medicine Urmia University of Medical Sciences  Urmia Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Negin","family":"Lohrasbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Nutrition &amp; Dietetics, National Nutrition &amp; Food Technology Research Institute Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amin","family":"Abbasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences Tabriz University of Medical Sciences  Tabriz Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hadi","family":"Bazyar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sirjan School of Medical Sciences  Sirjan Iran"},{"name":"Student Research Committee Sirjan School of Medical Sciences  Sirjan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1194-9687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gholamreza","family":"Askari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science Isfahan University of Medical Sciences  Isfahan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0640-2142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Reza","family":"Amini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Science Isfahan University of Medical Sciences  Isfahan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eujim.2022.102179"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","article-title":"Evidence\u2010Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Current Medical Practice","volume":"16","author":"Mortada E. 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