{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T18:43:42Z","timestamp":1788374622097,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781222400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Endocrino Diabet &amp; Metabol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Simonetta Vespucci is the model for the world\u2010renowned Venus painted by Sandro Botticelli at the end of the XV Century. Her unexpected death at the age of 23 remained a mystery for more than 500\u2009years, until we proposed in 2019 that she probably suffered from a pituitary adenoma.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We now hypothesize with further evidence from historical descriptions of her last days that an expansion of the adenoma was the cause of her premature death, aged twenty\u2010three.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our hypothesis is supported by three elements: (1) tumour characteristics; (2) symptoms presented during her last days; and (3) the historical records of two potential precipitating events.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conclude that Simonetta Vespucci, the Venus by Botticelli, died as a consequence of a rapidly expanding pituitary adenoma causing tumour apoplexy, thereby making this endocrine emergency the likeliest cause of her death.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/edm2.70261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T04:09:53Z","timestamp":1781323793000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Pituitary Tumour Apoplexy as Cause of Death of Simonetta Vespucci, the\n                    <i>Venus<\/i>\n                    by Botticelli"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Domiziana","family":"Nardelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio\u2010Medico  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis","family":"Black","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics University of California, San Francisco  San Francisco California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Schafer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics University of California, San Francisco  San Francisco California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5090-636X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Pozzilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio\u2010Medico  Rome Italy"},{"name":"Blizard Institute Queen Mary University of London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","volume-title":"La Diva Simonetta","author":"Strano G.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","volume-title":"State Archive of Florence","author":"Vespucci P."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4158\/ep\u20102019\u20100024"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1516\u20103180\u20102014\u20101326693"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0972\u20100200.377291"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23750\/abm.v89i4.6385"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09273972.2019.1559532"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","first-page":"14189","article-title":"Epistaxis and Pituitary Apoplexy due to Ruptured Internal Carotid Artery Aneurysm Embedded Within Pituitary 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