{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T21:59:46Z","timestamp":1790373586032,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Endocrino Diabet &amp; Metabol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is strongly associated with oxidative stress and inflammation. Harmaline (HAR), an alkaloid with antioxidant and anti\u2010inflammatory properties, has been suggested to possess antidiabetic potential. This study investigated the effects of HAR in experimental T2DM and its association with changes in the nuclear factor erythroid 2\u2010related factor 2 (Nrf2) and nuclear factor kappa\u2010B (NF\u2010\u03baB) pathways.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In vitro experiments were performed using mouse pancreatic cells cultured under different glucose concentrations to evaluate insulin secretion and antioxidant status. For the in\u00a0vivo study, T2DM was induced in mice by nicotinamide (120\u2009mg\/kg) and streptozotocin (65\u2009mg\/kg). Fasting blood glucose (FBG) was measured 1 week after induction. Forty\u2010eight adult male NMRI mice were randomly assigned to four groups: normal control (NC), diabetic control (DC), HAR\u2010treated (30\u2009mg\/kg), and metformin\u2010treated (150\u2009mg\/kg). Treatments were administered once daily for 10\u2009days.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HAR enhanced insulin secretion and antioxidant capacity while reducing lipid peroxidation in\u00a0vitro. In diabetic mice, HAR significantly reduced FBG, improved the lipid profile, and restored pancreatic antioxidant status. These effects were accompanied by increased expression of miR\u2010200a, Nrf2, and NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 and reduced Keap1 expression. In addition, HAR increased miR\u2010125b expression and reduced the expression of NF\u2010\u03baB, TNF\u2010\u03b1, IL\u20101\u03b2, and IL\u20106. Decreased changes in RAS\u2010related markers were also observed after HAR treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HAR improved glycemic control and pancreatic antioxidant status and reduced inflammatory responses in experimental T2DM. These beneficial effects were associated with modulation of Nrf2, NF\u2010\u03baB, and RAS\u2010related signalling pathways, suggesting their potential involvement in the observed protective effects. Further studies are needed to establish the underlying mechanisms and evaluate the long\u2010term efficacy and safety of HAR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/edm2.70304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T12:07:52Z","timestamp":1786363672000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Potential Involvement of Redox and Inflammatory Signalling in the Antihyperglycemic and Antioxidant Effects of Harmaline in Male Mice With Type 2 Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Farima","family":"Malekinia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences  Ahvaz Iran"},{"name":"Diabetes Research Center, Health Research Institute Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences  Ahvaz 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