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RHR and arterial blood pressure were measured together with anthropometrics as part of the enlistment protocol. HF and its concomitant diagnoses, as well as all CM diagnoses, were collected from the national inpatient, outpatient, and cause of death registries. Risk estimates were calculated by Cox-proportional hazards models while adjusting for potential confounders. During follow-up, there were 8400 cases of first hospitalization for HF and 3377 for CM. Comparing the first and fifth quintiles of the RHR distribution, the hazard ratio (HR) for HF associated with coronary heart disease, diabetes, or hypertension was 1.25 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.13\u20131.38] after adjustment for body mass index, blood pressure, and cardiorespiratory fitness. The corresponding HR was 1.43 (CI = 1.08\u20131.90) for HF associated with CM and 1.34 (CI = 1.16\u20131.54) for HF without concomitant diagnosis. There was an association between RHR and dilated CM [HR = 1.47 (CI = 1.27\u20131.71)] but not hypertrophic, alcohol\/drug-induced, or other cardiomyopathies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adolescent RHR is associated with future risk of HF, regardless of associated aetiological condition. The association was strongest for HF associated with CM, driven by the association with dilated CM. These findings indicate a causal pathway between elevated RHR and myocardial dysfunction that warrants further investigation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12726","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,29]],"date-time":"2020-04-29T02:04:34Z","timestamp":1588125874000},"page":"1178-1185","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Elevated Resting Heart Rate in Adolescent Men and Risk of Heart Failure and Cardiomyopathy"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Martin","family":"Lindgren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital , SE 416 85, Gothenburg ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josefina","family":"Robertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Community Medicine\/Primary Health Care, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Adiels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Metrics, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Schaufelberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital , SE 416 85, Gothenburg ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"\u00c5berg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Community Medicine\/Primary Health Care, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg ,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Region V\u00e4stra G\u00f6taland, N\u00e4rh\u00e4lsan , Gothenburg ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kjell","family":"Tor\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margda","family":"Waern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N. David","family":"\u00c5berg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital , Gothenburg ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annika","family":"Rosengren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital , SE 416 85, Gothenburg ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012115043729100_ehf212726-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht278","article-title":"Heart failure in young adults: 20-year trends in hospitalization, aetiology, and case fatality in Sweden","volume":"35","author":"Barasa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026012115043729100_ehf212726-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.025941","article-title":"Age-specific trends in incidence, mortality, and comorbidities of heart failure in Denmark, 1995 to 2012","volume":"135","author":"Christiansen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026012115043729100_ehf212726-bib-0003","article-title":"Body weight in adolescence and long-term risk of early heart failure in adulthood among men in Sweden","volume":"38","author":"Rosengren","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026012115043729100_ehf212726-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.039132","article-title":"Higher body mass index in adolescence predicts cardiomyopathy risk in midlife: a long term follow up amongst Swedish men","volume":"140","author":"Robertson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026012115043729100_ehf212726-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487317689974","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle strength in late adolescence and long-term risk of early heart failure in Swedish men","volume":"24","author":"Lindgren","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"2026012115043729100_ehf212726-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2018.01.110","article-title":"Resting heart rate in late adolescence and long term risk of cardiovascular disease in Swedish men","volume":"259C","author":"Lindgren","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026012115043729100_ehf212726-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.11.027","article-title":"Resting heart rate as predictor for left ventricular dysfunction and heart failure: MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis)","volume":"63","author":"Opdahl","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026012115043729100_ehf212726-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfs104","article-title":"Resting heart rate and incident heart failure in apparently healthy men and women in the EPIC-Norfolk study","volume":"14","author":"Pfister","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012115043729100_ehf212726-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2015.02.008","article-title":"Resting heart rate and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"25","author":"Aune","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"2026012115043729100_ehf212726-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpv095","article-title":"The association of resting heart rate and incident hypertension: the Henry Ford Hospital Exercise Testing (FIT) Project","volume":"29","author":"Aladin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"2026012115043729100_ehf212726-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2007.08.077","article-title":"Elevated heart rate and atherosclerosis: an overview of the pathogenetic mechanisms","volume":"126","author":"Giannoglou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026012115043729100_ehf212726-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.309711","article-title":"Classification, epidemiology, and global burden of cardiomyopathies","volume":"121","author":"McKenna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2026012115043729100_ehf212726-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-10-0925","article-title":"Heart rate and heart failure. 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