{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T12:10:34Z","timestamp":1769083834712,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1970,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,28]],"date-time":"2020-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The present Perspective examined the latest evidence on the association between the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) and the incidence\/mortality of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Our critical appraisal from existing literature does not support discontinuation of ACEIs\/ARBs in clinical practice as there is absence of solid evidence. However, we do recommend future research perspective in formulation and implementation of practice-changing guidelines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12952","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,28]],"date-time":"2020-07-28T13:06:48Z","timestamp":1595941608000},"page":"3119-3123","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Relating Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors or Angiotensin Receptor Blockers with Incidence or Mortality of COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7706-9370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin C.S.","family":"Wong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, N.T. ,","place":["Hong Kong"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3354-9310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunny","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, N.T. ,","place":["Hong Kong"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2382-4443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junjie","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, N.T. ,","place":["Hong Kong"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0430-5752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bryan","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, N.T. ,","place":["Hong Kong"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012114055466300_ehf212952-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1570","article-title":"Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis","volume":"203","author":"Hamming","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"2026012114055466300_ehf212952-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e50","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30224-1","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 gene expression and RAAS inhibitors","volume":"8","author":"Milne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"2026012114055466300_ehf212952-bib-0003","article-title":"Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptors blockers and outcome of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Abdulhak","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"2026012114055466300_ehf212952-bib-0004","volume-title":"Position statement of the ESC Council on Hypertension on ACE-inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers","author":"European Society of Cardiology"},{"key":"2026012114055466300_ehf212952-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.11301","article-title":"Association of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker use with COVID-19 diagnosis and mortality","volume":"19","author":"Fosb\u00f8l","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026012114055466300_ehf212952-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.1855","article-title":"Association of use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers with testing positive for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"5","author":"Mehta","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"2026012114055466300_ehf212952-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2441","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2008975","article-title":"Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors and risk of COVID-19","volume":"382","author":"Reynolds","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026012114055466300_ehf212952-bib-0008","volume-title":"People of any age with underlying medical conditions","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"},{"key":"2026012114055466300_ehf212952-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.317134","article-title":"Association of inpatient use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers with mortality among patients with hypertension hospitalized with COVID-19","volume":"126","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2026012114055466300_ehf212952-bib-0010","article-title":"Hypertension in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a single-center retrospective observational study","author":"Zeng","journal-title":"MedRxiv"},{"key":"2026012114055466300_ehf212952-bib-0011","article-title":"Anti-hypertensive Angiotensin II receptor blockers associated to mitigation of disease severity in elderly COVID-19 patients","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"2026012114055466300_ehf212952-bib-0012","article-title":"Angiotensin II receptor blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors usage is associated with improved inflammatory status and clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients with hypertension","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"2026012114055466300_ehf212952-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1924","article-title":"ACE-inhibitors and angiotensin-2 receptor blockers are not associated with severe SARS-COVID19 infection in a multi-site UK acute Hospital Trust","author":"Bean","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012114055466300_ehf212952-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa331","article-title":"Switching to another antihypertensive effective drug when using ACEIs\/ARBs to treat arterial hypertension during COVID-19","volume":"41","author":"Ciulla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026012114055466300_ehf212952-bib-0015","volume-title":"Characteristics of COVID-19 patients dying in Italy Report based on available data on March 20th, 2020","author":"COVID-19 Surveillance Group"}],"container-title":["ESC Heart Failure"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fehf2.12952","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ehf2.12952","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ehf2.12952","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eschf\/article-pdf\/7\/5\/3119\/65807507\/eschf_7_5_3119.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eschf\/article-pdf\/7\/5\/3119\/65807507\/eschf_7_5_3119.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T19:06:21Z","timestamp":1769022381000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eschf\/article\/7\/5\/3119\/8372077"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,28]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ehf2.12952","relation":{},"ISSN":["2055-5822"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2055-5822","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-07-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-07-20","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-07-28","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}