{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T13:02:30Z","timestamp":1790514150899,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":7,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1854,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,22]],"date-time":"2020-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We report a unique case of a young woman with recurrent immune-mediated (virus-negative) lymphocytic fulminant myocarditis during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. At the first endomyocardial biopsy (EMB)-proven episode, she had concomitant pneumonia, and a temporary biventricular assist device implant was followed by complete and long-lasting cardiac recovery. Five years later, she was re-admitted for relapsing cardiogenic shock with a recent history of pneumonia. She was treated with extracorporeal life support with apical venting for left ventricular unloading, and full recovery was achieved. Despite negative seriate nasopharyngeal swabs and EMB during hospitalization, an antibody positivity for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 was discovered after 4 weeks from discharge. This is the first report of an EMB-proven, immune-mediated (virus-negative) recurrence of fulminant myocarditis. We hypothesize that in patients with a predisposing immunogenetic background, autoimmune disease may be triggered or reactivated by major infections, for example, pneumonia, that may act as adjuvants leading to an immune-mediated hyper-response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.13028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,22]],"date-time":"2020-11-22T22:15:55Z","timestamp":1606083355000},"page":"756-760","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Recurrent Autoimmune Myocarditis in a Young Woman During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Raphael","family":"Caraffa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiological Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua , Padua ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renzo","family":"Marcolongo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Haematology and Clinical Immunology Unit and Cardio-Immunology Outpatient Clinic, University of Padua , Padua ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Cardiology, Department of Cardiological Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua , Padua ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7299-2983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomaso","family":"Bottio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiological Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua , Padua ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Rizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Pathology Unit, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua , Via Giustiniani, 2, Padua, 36100 ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olimpia","family":"Bifulco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiological Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua , Padua ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Bagozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiological Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua , Padua ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Augusto","family":"D'Onofrio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiological Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua , Padua ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alida L.P.","family":"Caforio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Haematology and Clinical Immunology Unit and Cardio-Immunology Outpatient Clinic, University of Padua , Padua ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vjola","family":"Jorgji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hacohen Lab, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, MA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Basso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Pathology Unit, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua , Via Giustiniani, 2, Padua, 36100 ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gino","family":"Gerosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiological Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua , Padua ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012114034847000_ehf213028-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e69","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000745","article-title":"Recognition and initial management of fulminant myocarditis: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"141","author":"Kociol","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026012114034847000_ehf213028-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2636","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht210","article-title":"Current state of knowledge on aetiology, diagnosis, management, and therapy of myocarditis: a position statement of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial 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