{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T12:43:24Z","timestamp":1789044204621,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1856,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,20]],"date-time":"2020-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF):","award":["03WKP55D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["03WKP55D"]}]},{"name":"Investitionsbank Berlin\/EFRE","award":["10169028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10169028"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020407","name":"ERA-Net on Cardiovascular Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["JTC2016-40-158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JTC2016-40-158"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MicroRNAs (miRNAs) might be used as prospective biomarkers for the identification of unexplained heart failure caused by a viral and\/or inflammatory process. The aim of this study was to identify and to evaluate prognostic miRNAs in serum of patients with inflammatory heart diseases diagnosed by endomyocardial biopsies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>After TaqMan\u00ae OpenArray\u00ae screening of 754 unique circulating miRNAs in serum of biopsy-proven patients [184 patients with inflammatory and\/or virally induced myocardial diseases (DCMi), 25 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), and 25 healthy donors], we identified seven miRNAs of interest (P &amp;lt; 0.05). These data have been verified by single qRT\u2013PCR assays in other biopsy-proven patients (159 patients with viral and\/or inflammatory myocardial diseases, 46 patients with DCM, and 60 healthy donors). The expression of let-7f, miR-197, miR-223, miR-93, and miR-379 allowed us to differentiate between patients with a virus and\/or inflammation and healthy donors (P &amp;lt; 0.05) with the specificity over 93%. Based on the expression of miR-21 and miR-30a-5p, we could sort out patients with DCM from all other study groups (P &amp;lt; 0.05) with the specificity over 95%.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This miRNA profile provides for the first time a new non-invasive diagnostic perspective to identify patients with intramyocardial inflammation and\/or viral persistence only from single serum sample, independently of prescribed therapy and time of symptoms onset. It allows the early finding of those patients relevant for myocardial biopsy for exact diagnosis and further proscription of causal aetiology-driven specific treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.13090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,20]],"date-time":"2020-11-20T16:22:11Z","timestamp":1605889331000},"page":"408-422","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["MicroRNA Profiling as a Novel Diagnostic Tool for Identification of Patients with Inflammatory and\/or Virally Induced Cardiomyopathies"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Ganna","family":"Aleshcheva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Cardiac Diagnostics and Therapy (IKDT) , Berlin, 12203 ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heiko","family":"Pietsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Cardiac Diagnostics and Therapy (IKDT) , Berlin, 12203 ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin , Berlin ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felicitas","family":"Escher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Cardiac Diagnostics and Therapy (IKDT) , Berlin, 12203 ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Campus Virchow, Charit\u00e9 \u2013 University Hospital Berlin , Berlin ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin , Berlin ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heinz-Peter","family":"Schultheiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Cardiac Diagnostics and Therapy (IKDT) , Berlin, 12203 ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012114044535200_ehf213090-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2616","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehr165","article-title":"The management of myocarditis","volume":"32","author":"Schultheiss","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026012114044535200_ehf213090-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2014.09.071","article-title":"Analysis of endomyocardial biopsies in suspected myocarditis\u2014diagnostic value of left versus right ventricular biopsy","volume":"177","author":"Escher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026012114044535200_ehf213090-bib-0003","first-page":"739","article-title":"Myocarditis and inflammatory cardiomyopathy: from diagnosis to treatment","volume":"43","author":"Escher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars"},{"key":"2026012114044535200_ehf213090-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-016-0986-9","article-title":"Betaferon in chronic viral cardiomyopathy (BICC) trial: effects of interferon-\u03b2 treatment in patients with chronic viral cardiomyopathy","volume":"105","author":"Schultheiss","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Res Cardiol"},{"key":"2026012114044535200_ehf213090-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-016-1011-z","article-title":"Long-term outcome of patients with virus-negative chronic myocarditis or inflammatory cardiomyopathy after immunosuppressive therapy","volume":"105","author":"Escher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Res Cardiol"},{"key":"2026012114044535200_ehf213090-bib-0006","first-page":"361","article-title":"Myocarditis: early biopsy allows for tailored regenerative treatment","volume":"109","author":"K\u00fchl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"2026012114044535200_ehf213090-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4140","article-title":"MicroRNAs and other non-coding RNAs as targets for anticancer drug development","volume":"12","author":"Ling","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"2026012114044535200_ehf213090-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.304377","article-title":"MicroRNAs and cardiac regeneration","volume":"116","author":"Hodgkinson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2026012114044535200_ehf213090-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.108.183087","article-title":"The emerging role of microRNAs in cardiac remodeling and heart failure","volume":"103","author":"Divakaran","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2026012114044535200_ehf213090-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-8090-8-165","article-title":"Circulating miRNAs reflect early myocardial injury and recovery after heart transplantation","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Cardiothorac Surg"},{"key":"2026012114044535200_ehf213090-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-018-0805-5","article-title":"MicroRNA-21 prevents excessive inflammation and cardiac dysfunction after myocardial infarction through targeting KBTBD7","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"2026012114044535200_ehf213090-bib-0012","first-page":"17","article-title":"microRNA-based diagnostics and therapy in cardiovascular disease\u2014summing up the facts","volume":"5","author":"Schulte","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diagn Ther"},{"key":"2026012114044535200_ehf213090-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2018.30","article-title":"miRNAS in cardiovascular diseases: potential biomarkers, therapeutic targets and challenges","volume":"39","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol Sin"},{"key":"2026012114044535200_ehf213090-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2705","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehq221","article-title":"Circulating microRNAs: novel biomarkers for cardiovascular diseases?","volume":"31","author":"Dimmeler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026012114044535200_ehf213090-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.01.050","article-title":"microRNAs in cardiovascular diseases: current knowledge and the road ahead","volume":"63","author":"Condorelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026012114044535200_ehf213090-bib-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2261-13-12","article-title":"Circulating cardio-enriched microRNAs are associated with long-term prognosis following myocardial infarction","volume":"13","author":"Gidl\u00f6f","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"key":"2026012114044535200_ehf213090-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0084-1","article-title":"Dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"5","author":"Schultheiss","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"2026012114044535200_ehf213090-bib-0018","first-page":"2016","article-title":"MicroRNAs in coronary heart disease: ready to enter the clinical arena?","author":"Cavarretta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"2026012114044535200_ehf213090-bib-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9020276","article-title":"miRNAs as biomarkers in disease: latest findings regarding their role in diagnosis and prognosis","volume":"9","author":"Condrat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026012114044535200_ehf213090-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(87)80363-5","article-title":"Myocarditis: the Dallas criteria","volume":"18","author":"Aretz","year":"1987","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"2026012114044535200_ehf213090-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2636","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht210","article-title":"Current state of knowledge on aetiology, diagnosis, management, and therapy of myocarditis: a position statement of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases","volume":"34","author":"Caforio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026012114044535200_ehf213090-bib-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-013-0372-y","article-title":"A distinct subgroup of cardiomyopathy patients characterized by transcriptionally active cardiotropic erythrovirus and altered cardiac gene expression","volume":"108","author":"K\u00fchl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Basic Res Cardiol"},{"key":"2026012114044535200_ehf213090-bib-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000155616.07901.35","article-title":"High prevalence of viral genomes and multiple viral infections in the myocardium of adults with \u201cidiopathic\u201d left ventricular dysfunction","volume":"111","author":"K\u00fchl","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026012114044535200_ehf213090-bib-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4414\/smw.2014.14010","article-title":"Viral myocarditis","volume":"144","author":"K\u00fchl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Swiss Med Wkly"},{"key":"2026012114044535200_ehf213090-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0126423","article-title":"MicroRNA profiling of CSF reveals potential biomarkers to detect Alzheimer's disease","volume":"10","author":"Denk","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2026012114044535200_ehf213090-bib-0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3853","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.15-271312","article-title":"Normalization panels for the reliable quantification of circulating microRNAs by RT-qPCR","volume":"29","author":"Kok","year":"2015","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"2026012114044535200_ehf213090-bib-0027","first-page":"45","article-title":"U6 is unsuitable for normalization of serum miRNA levels in patients with sepsis or liver fibrosis","volume":"e42","author":"Benz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"2026012114044535200_ehf213090-bib-0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41127","DOI":"10.1038\/srep41127","article-title":"Selection of reference genes is critical for miRNA expression analysis in human cardiac tissue. A focus on atrial fibrillation","volume":"7","author":"Mas\u00e8","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026012114044535200_ehf213090-bib-0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1261\/rna.059063.116","article-title":"Practical data handling pipeline improves performance of qPCR-based circulating miRNA measurements","volume":"23","author":"Ronde","year":"2017","journal-title":"RNA"},{"key":"2026012114044535200_ehf213090-bib-0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5026","DOI":"10.1038\/srep05026","article-title":"Peripheral blood miRNAs as a biomarker for chronic cardiovascular diseases","volume":"4","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026012114044535200_ehf213090-bib-0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.2217\/bmm-2018-0101","article-title":"The usefulness of selected biomarkers in patients with valve disease","volume":"12","author":"Duchnowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomark Med"},{"key":"2026012114044535200_ehf213090-bib-0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1944","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2009.125310","article-title":"Plasma miR-208 as a biomarker of myocardial injury","volume":"55","author":"Ji","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"2026012114044535200_ehf213090-bib-0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/9869208","article-title":"The emerging role of microRNA-155 in cardiovascular diseases","volume":"2016","author":"Cao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"2026012114044535200_ehf213090-bib-0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.332","article-title":"Signature of circulating microRNAs in patients with acute heart failure","volume":"18","author":"Ovchinnikova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012114044535200_ehf213090-bib-0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2008.07.007","article-title":"The let-7 family of microRNAs","volume":"18","author":"Roush","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol"},{"key":"2026012114044535200_ehf213090-bib-0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23086","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms141123086","article-title":"Let-7 in cardiovascular diseases, heart development and cardiovascular differentiation from stem cells","volume":"14","author":"Bao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026012114044535200_ehf213090-bib-0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2015.119","article-title":"The oncomiR miR-197 is a novel prognostic indicator for non-small cell lung cancer patients","volume":"112","author":"Mavridis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"2026012114044535200_ehf213090-bib-0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehp573","article-title":"microRNAs in heart disease: putative novel therapeutic targets?","volume":"31","author":"Condorelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026012114044535200_ehf213090-bib-0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2014.03.005","article-title":"miR-223: an inflammatory oncomiR enters the cardiovascular field","volume":"1842","author":"Ta\u00efbi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"2026012114044535200_ehf213090-bib-0040","first-page":"23","article-title":"An emerging role of microRNA miR-223 in cardiovascular pathophysiology","author":"Rangrez","year":"2013","journal-title":"microRNAs Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"2026012114044535200_ehf213090-bib-0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0145930","article-title":"miRNA-197 and miRNA-223 predict cardiovascular death in a cohort of patients with symptomatic coronary artery disease","volume":"10","author":"Schulte","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2026012114044535200_ehf213090-bib-0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2016.05.27","article-title":"miRNA-197 and miRNA-223 and cardiovascular death in coronary artery disease patients","volume":"4","author":"Orenes-Pi\u00f1ero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"key":"2026012114044535200_ehf213090-bib-0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2017.07.003","article-title":"MicroRNA-93 elevation after myocardial infarction is cardiac protective","volume":"106","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"2026012114044535200_ehf213090-bib-0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2017.06.264","article-title":"Expression pattern and biological function of miR-379 in muscular dystrophy","volume":"27","author":"Sanson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuromuscul Disord"},{"key":"2026012114044535200_ehf213090-bib-0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-018-0071-z","article-title":"microRNA-21 and hypertension","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"key":"2026012114044535200_ehf213090-bib-0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s12265-010-9169-7","article-title":"MicroRNA-21 in cardiovascular disease","volume":"3","author":"Cheng","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Transl Res"},{"key":"2026012114044535200_ehf213090-bib-0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9883","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28118-1","article-title":"Circulating miR-30a-5p as a prognostic biomarker of left ventricular dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction","volume":"8","author":"Maciejak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"}],"container-title":["ESC Heart Failure"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ehf2.13090","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ehf2.13090","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eschf\/article-pdf\/8\/1\/408\/65798872\/eschf_8_1_408.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eschf\/article-pdf\/8\/1\/408\/65798872\/eschf_8_1_408.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T19:05:15Z","timestamp":1769022315000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eschf\/article\/8\/1\/408\/8369352"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,20]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ehf2.13090","relation":{},"ISSN":["2055-5822"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2055-5822","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-03-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-10-22","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-11-20","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}