{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T16:21:29Z","timestamp":1780676489983,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1854,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,22]],"date-time":"2020-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000327","name":"Heart Research UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TRP 16\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TRP 16\/19"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000327","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"MRC UK","award":["MR\/S025472\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/S025472\/1"]}]},{"name":"Diabetes UK RD Lawrence Fellowship","award":["16\/0005382"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16\/0005382"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000274","name":"British Heart Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000274","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000327","name":"Heart Research UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TRP 16\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TRP 16\/19"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000327","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000274","name":"British Heart Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000274","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Two highly prevalent and growing global diseases impacted by skeletal muscle atrophy are chronic heart failure (HF) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). The presence of either condition increases the likelihood of developing the other, with recent studies revealing a large and relatively poorly characterized clinical population of patients with coexistent HF and DM (HFDM). HFDM results in worse symptoms and poorer clinical outcomes compared with DM or HF alone, and cardiovascular-focused disease-modifying agents have proven less effective in HFDM indicating a key role of the periphery. This review combines current clinical knowledge and basic biological mechanisms to address the critical emergence of skeletal muscle atrophy in patients with HFDM as a key driver of symptoms. We discuss how the degree of skeletal muscle wasting in patients with HFDM is likely underpinned by a variety of mechanisms that include mitochondrial dysfunction, insulin resistance, inflammation, and lipotoxicity. Given many atrophic triggers (e.g. ubiquitin proteasome\/autophagy\/calpain activity and supressed IGF1-Akt-mTORC1 signalling) are linked to increased production of reactive oxygen species, we speculate that a higher pro-oxidative state in HFDM could be a unifying mechanism that promotes accelerated fibre atrophy. Overall, our proposal is that patients with HFDM represent a unique clinical population, prompting a review of treatment strategies including further focus on elucidating potential mechanisms and therapeutic targets of muscle atrophy in these distinct patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.13121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]],"date-time":"2020-11-23T03:19:10Z","timestamp":1606101550000},"page":"3-15","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Skeletal Muscle Atrophy in Heart Failure with Diabetes: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Evidence"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Nathanael","family":"Wood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds , Leeds, LS2 9JT ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Straw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds , Leeds ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mattia","family":"Scalabrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds , Leeds, LS2 9JT ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee D.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds , Leeds ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus K.","family":"Witte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds , Leeds ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas Scott","family":"Bowen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds , Leeds, LS2 9JT ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.010389","article-title":"Cellular and molecular mechanisms of muscle atrophy","volume":"6","author":"Bonaldo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dis Model Mech"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12043","article-title":"Skeletal muscle wasting in cachexia and sarcopenia: molecular pathophysiology and impact of exercise training","volume":"6","author":"Bowen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4681","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21134681","article-title":"Emerging strategies targeting catabolic muscle stress relief","volume":"21","author":"Scalabrin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2017.51","article-title":"Muscle wasting and cachexia in heart failure: mechanisms and therapies","volume":"14","author":"vonHaehling","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)07015-8","article-title":"Wasting as independent risk factor for mortality in chronic heart failure","volume":"349","author":"Anker","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0006","first-page":"94","article-title":"Muscle atrophy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: roles of inflammatory pathways, physical activity and exercise","volume":"22","author":"Perry","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exerc Immunol Rev"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-1406","article-title":"Mortality reduction associated with \u03b2-adrenoceptor inhibition in chronic heart failure is greater in patients with diabetes","volume":"41","author":"Witte","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2003.025684","article-title":"Exercise capacity and cardiac function assessed by tissue Doppler imaging in chronic heart failure","volume":"90","author":"Witte","year":"2004","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)11181-9","article-title":"The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS-II): a randomised trial","volume":"353","author":"Investigators CI","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa050496","article-title":"The effect of cardiac resynchronization on morbidity and mortality in heart failure","volume":"352","author":"Cleland","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0011","first-page":"468","article-title":"Serial assessment of exercise capacity after heart transplantation","volume":"14","author":"Mandak","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Heart Lung Transplant"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejheart.2005.05.002","article-title":"The effect of physical training in chronic heart failure","volume":"8","author":"Jonsdottir","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.11.053","article-title":"The global health and economic burden of hospitalizations for heart failure: lessons learned from hospitalized heart failure registries","volume":"63","author":"Ambrosy","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2017.151","article-title":"Global aetiology and epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications","volume":"14","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2017.05.014","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus and heart failure","volume":"120","author":"Lehrke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1170","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus and heart failure: a position statement from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology","volume":"20","author":"Seferovic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.117.004646","article-title":"Trends in noncardiovascular comorbidities among patients hospitalized for heart failure: insights from the Get With The Guidelines\u2013Heart Failure Registry","volume":"11","author":"Sharma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.44","article-title":"Is the prognosis in patients with diabetes and heart failure a matter of unsatisfactory management? An observational study from the Swedish Heart Failure Registry","volume":"16","author":"Johansson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1177\/1479164115573225","article-title":"Sudden cardiac death in patients with diabetes mellitus and chronic heart failure","volume":"12","author":"Walker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diab Vasc Dis Res"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1177\/1479164112471064","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus is associated with adverse prognosis in chronic heart failure of ischaemic and non-ischaemic aetiology","volume":"10","author":"Cubbon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diab Vasc Dis Res"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0021","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effect of disease-modifying agents and their association with mortality in multi-morbid patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction","author":"Straw","year":"2020","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehn156","article-title":"Diabetes, left ventricular systolic dysfunction, and chronic heart failure","volume":"29","author":"MacDonald","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(17)30087-6","article-title":"Effect of sacubitril\/valsartan versus enalapril on glycaemic control in patients with heart failure and diabetes: a post-hoc analysis from the PARADIGM-HF trial","volume":"5","author":"Seferovic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfq204","article-title":"Improved diabetic control in advanced heart failure patients treated with left ventricular assist devices","volume":"13","author":"Uriel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12488","article-title":"Divergent skeletal muscle mitochondrial phenotype between male and female patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"11","author":"Garnham","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.06.089","article-title":"Epicatechin rich cocoa mediated modulation of oxidative stress regulators in skeletal muscle of heart failure and type 2 diabetes patients","volume":"168","author":"Ramirez-Sanchez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2015.12.007","article-title":"Response to exercise training and outcomes in patients with heart failure and diabetes mellitus: insights from the HF-ACTION trial","volume":"22","author":"Banks","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.2147\/VHRM.S25724","article-title":"The effect of chronic heart failure and type 2 diabetes on insulin-stimulated endothelial function is similar and additive","volume":"7","author":"Falskov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vasc Health Risk Manag"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.01.196","article-title":"Muscle strength in heart failure male patients complicated by diabetes mellitus","volume":"168","author":"Izawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.912","article-title":"A network analysis to compare biomarker profiles in patients with and without diabetes mellitus in acute heart failure","volume":"19","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2019.11.005","article-title":"Distinct pathological pathways in patients with heart failure and diabetes","volume":"8","author":"Tromp","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(14)70031-2","article-title":"Heart failure: a cardiovascular outcome in diabetes that can no longer be ignored","volume":"2","author":"McMurray","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehj.2004.01.010","article-title":"Impact of diabetes mellitus on long-term survival in patients with congestive heart failure","volume":"25","author":"De Groote","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1298\/ptr.E9979","article-title":"Influence of complications of diabetes mellitus on exercise tolerance of patients with heart failure: focusing on autonomic nervous activity and heart rate response during cardiopulmonary exercise tests","volume":"22","author":"Ishihara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys Ther Res"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(01)02199-3","article-title":"Effect of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus on pulmonary function and exercise tolerance in chronic congestive heart failure","volume":"89","author":"Guazzi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw128","article-title":"ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: the Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC","volume":"37","author":"Ponikowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1136\/heart.86.5.574","article-title":"Heart failure: what causes the symptoms of heart failure?","volume":"86","author":"Coats","year":"2001","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.15420\/cfr.2016:20:2","article-title":"Heart failure in patients with diabetes mellitus","volume":"3","author":"Rosano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Card Fail Rev"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(03)00262-6","article-title":"Efficacy of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and beta-blockers in the management of left ventricular systolic dysfunction according to race, gender, and diabetic status: a meta-analysis of major clinical trials","volume":"41","author":"Shekelle","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001204","article-title":"Reappraisal of metformin efficacy in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"9","author":"Boussageon","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1501352","article-title":"Effect of sitagliptin on cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes","volume":"373","author":"Green","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0805796","article-title":"A randomized trial of therapies for type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease","volume":"360","author":"Frye","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2004.07.005","article-title":"Insulin-treated diabetes is associated with a marked increase in mortality in patients with advanced heart failure","volume":"149","author":"Smooke","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0044","first-page":"1094","article-title":"Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes","volume":"374","author":"Zinman","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1911303","article-title":"Dapagliflozin in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction","volume":"381","author":"McMurray","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.53.6.1543","article-title":"Muscle strength in type 2 diabetes","volume":"53","author":"Andersen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehs381","article-title":"Muscle wasting in patients with chronic heart failure: results from the studies investigating co-morbidities aggravating heart failure (SICA-HF)","volume":"34","author":"F\u00fclster","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12193","article-title":"Muscle wasting in young patients with dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"8","author":"Hajahmadi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12237","article-title":"Muscle wasting and sarcopenia in heart failure and beyond: update 2017","volume":"4","author":"Springer","year":"2017","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-2310","article-title":"Prevalence and determinant factors of sarcopenia in patients with type 2 diabetes: the Korean Sarcopenic Obesity Study (KSOS)","volume":"33","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00031.2010","article-title":"Fiber types in mammalian skeletal muscles","volume":"91","author":"Schiaffino","year":"2011","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1113\/JP275444","article-title":"The impact of immobilisation and inflammation on the regulation of muscle mass and insulin resistance: different routes to similar end-points","volume":"597","author":"Crossland","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1536\/ihj.15-108","article-title":"Skeletal muscle abnormalities in heart failure","volume":"56","author":"Kinugawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int Heart J"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1993.75.1.373","article-title":"Skeletal muscle size: relationship to muscle function in heart failure","volume":"75","author":"Minotti","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2013.02.006","article-title":"Patients with type 2 diabetes show a greater decline in muscle mass, muscle strength, and functional capacity with aging","volume":"14","author":"Leenders","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0056","article-title":"Distinct determinants of muscle wasting in non-obese heart failure patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus","author":"Yano","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Diabetes"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2013.06.233","article-title":"Body composition analysis of heart failure patients with and without diabetes using bioelectrical impedance scale","volume":"19","author":"Amin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.05.016","article-title":"Muscle type and fiber type specificity in muscle wasting","volume":"45","author":"Ciciliot","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5341","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2014.273615","article-title":"CrossTalk proposal: the dominant mechanism causing disuse muscle atrophy is decreased protein synthesis","volume":"592","author":"Phillips","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00028.2014","article-title":"The sick and the weak: neuropathies\/myopathies in the critically ill","volume":"95","author":"Friedrich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1065874","article-title":"Identification of ubiquitin ligases required for skeletal muscle atrophy","volume":"294","author":"Bodine","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14440","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.251541198","article-title":"Atrogin-1, a muscle-specific F-box protein highly expressed during muscle atrophy","volume":"98","author":"Gomes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2716","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.047381","article-title":"Exercise training attenuates MuRF-1 expression in the skeletal muscle of patients with chronic heart failure independent of age: the randomized Leipzig Exercise Intervention in Chronic Heart Failure and Aging catabolism study","volume":"125","author":"Gielen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/2052-1847-6-41","article-title":"Physical rehabilitation improves muscle function following volumetric muscle loss injury","volume":"6","author":"Aurora","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.109.876433","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying skeletal muscle weakness in human heart failure: alterations in single fiber myosin protein content and function","volume":"2","author":"Miller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.6.1913","article-title":"Gene expression profile in skeletal muscle of type 2 diabetes and the effect of insulin treatment","volume":"51","author":"Sreekumar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(03)00848-9","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of exercise training in the skeletal muscle of patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"42","author":"Gielen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2595","DOI":"10.2337\/db08-0038","article-title":"Elevated toll-like receptor 4 expression and signaling in muscle from insulin-resistant subjects","volume":"57","author":"Reyna","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-015-3654-0","article-title":"Markers of autophagy are adapted to hyperglycaemia in skeletal muscle in type 2 diabetes","volume":"58","author":"Kruse","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43775","DOI":"10.1038\/srep43775","article-title":"Altered gene expression and repressed markers of autophagy in skeletal muscle of insulin resistant patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"7","author":"M\u00f8ller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0071","first-page":"66","article-title":"Skeletal muscle protein metabolism in human heart failure","volume":"16","author":"Callahan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(04)00211-4","article-title":"The IGF-1\/PI3K\/Akt pathway prevents expression of muscle atrophy-induced ubiquitin ligases by inhibiting FOXO transcription factors","volume":"14","author":"Stitt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(02)01736-9","article-title":"Reduction of insulin-like growth factor-I expression in the skeletal muscle of noncachectic patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"39","author":"Hambrecht","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2212","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1525795113","article-title":"Anti-myostatin antibody increases muscle mass and strength and improves insulin sensitivity in old mice","volume":"113","author":"Camporez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-014-0155-9","article-title":"Ventricular assist device implantation improves skeletal muscle function, oxidative capacity, and growth hormone\/insulin-like growth factor-1 axis signaling in patients with advanced heart failure","volume":"5","author":"Khawaja","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.47.8.1281","article-title":"Insulin-stimulated Akt kinase activity is reduced in skeletal muscle from NIDDM subjects","volume":"47","author":"Krook","year":"1998","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00545.2010","article-title":"Chronic heart failure reduces Akt phosphorylation in human skeletal muscle: relationship to muscle size and function","volume":"110","author":"Toth","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476279","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/476279","article-title":"Pathogenesis of insulin resistance in skeletal muscle","volume":"2010","author":"Abdul-Ghani","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Biomed Biotechnol"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2008.07.004","article-title":"Reduced glucose transporter GLUT4 in skeletal muscle predicts insulin resistance in non-diabetic chronic heart failure patients independently of body composition","volume":"138","author":"Doehner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S157","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-S302","article-title":"Skeletal muscle insulin resistance is the primary defect in type 2 diabetes","volume":"32","author":"DeFronzo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(97)00185-X","article-title":"Insulin resistance in chronic heart failure: relation to severity and etiology of heart failure","volume":"30","author":"Swan","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12035","article-title":"Skeletal muscle weakness is related to insulin resistance in patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"2","author":"Doehner","year":"2015","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.042648","article-title":"Insulin signalling and resistance in patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"550","author":"Kemppainen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2016.5049","article-title":"Undertriage of firearm-related injuries in a major metropolitan area","volume":"152","author":"Lale","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2011.09.011","article-title":"The SCF-Fbxo40 complex induces IRS1 ubiquitination in skeletal muscle, limiting IGF1 signaling","volume":"21","author":"Shi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dev Cell"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.124952","article-title":"Hyperglycemia induces skeletal muscle atrophy via a WWP1\/KLF15 axis","volume":"4","author":"Hirata","year":"2019","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R88","DOI":"10.1186\/cc13855","article-title":"Hyperglycemia-induced diaphragm weakness is mediated by oxidative stress","volume":"18","author":"Callahan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137919","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/137919","article-title":"Pathogenesis of chronic hyperglycemia: from reductive stress to oxidative stress","volume":"2014","author":"Yan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0089","first-page":"853","article-title":"Endothelial dysfunction in diabetes mellitus","volume":"3","author":"Hadi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vasc Health Risk Manag"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-016-9593-0","article-title":"Skeletal muscle inflammation and atrophy in heart failure","volume":"22","author":"Lavine","year":"2017","journal-title":"Heart Fail Rev"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/508409","article-title":"Mechanisms linking inflammation to insulin resistance","volume":"2015","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.16.2055","article-title":"Cytokines and cytokine receptors in advanced heart failure: an analysis of the cytokine database from the Vesnarinone trial (VEST)","volume":"103","author":"Deswal","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.52.3.812","article-title":"Inflammatory cytokines and the risk to develop type 2 diabetes: results of the prospective population-based European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam Study","volume":"52","author":"Spranger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfr024","article-title":"Increased plasma myostatin in heart failure","volume":"13","author":"Gruson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037236","article-title":"Plasma and muscle myostatin in relation to type 2 diabetes","volume":"7","author":"Brandt","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.2174\/138920312803582933","article-title":"Angiotensin II: role in skeletal muscle atrophy","volume":"13","author":"Cabello-Verrugio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Protein Pept Sci"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2012.4604","article-title":"Angiotensin II-induced production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species: potential mechanisms and relevance for cardiovascular disease","volume":"19","author":"Dikalov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.11.064","article-title":"Roles of angiotensin peptides and recombinant human ACE2 in heart failure","volume":"69","author":"Basu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.48.25","article-title":"Plasma angiotensin II, renin activity and serum angiotensin-converting enzyme activity in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus patients with diabetic nephropathy","volume":"48","author":"Nicola","year":"2001","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.2337\/db06-0981","article-title":"Mitochondrial respiration is decreased in skeletal muscle of patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"56","author":"Mogensen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.81.2.518","article-title":"Skeletal muscle biochemistry and histology in ambulatory patients with long-term heart failure","volume":"81","author":"Sullivan","year":"1990","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.85.4.1621","article-title":"Skeletal muscle failure in heart failure","volume":"85","author":"Drexler","year":"1992","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-8062.2011.00357.x","article-title":"Alterations in skeletal muscle indicators of mitochondrial structure and biogenesis in patients with type 2 diabetes and heart failure: effects of epicatechin rich cocoa","volume":"5","author":"Taub","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Transl Sci"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s13395-014-0022-6","article-title":"Deficient nitric oxide signalling impairs skeletal muscle growth and performance: involvement of mitochondrial dysregulation","volume":"4","author":"De Palma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Skelet Muscle"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2020.00012","article-title":"Mitochondrial ROS formation in the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy","volume":"7","author":"Kaludercic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H2181","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00554.2011","article-title":"Oxidative stress and heart failure","volume":"301","author":"Tsutsui","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19020417","article-title":"Interplay between ROS and antioxidants during ischemia-reperfusion injuries in cardiac and skeletal muscle","volume":"19","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20030532","article-title":"Epigallocatechin gallate modulates muscle homeostasis in type 2 diabetes and obesity by targeting energetic and redox pathways: a narrative review","volume":"20","author":"Casanova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-007-0018-3","article-title":"Oxidative stress in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients","volume":"45","author":"Ramakrishna","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.1025","article-title":"Antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation in type II diabetes mellitus","volume":"21","author":"Memiso\u011fullari","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell Biochem Funct"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1007\/s11897-017-0347-7","article-title":"Targeting mitochondrial calcium handling and reactive oxygen species in heart failure","volume":"14","author":"Dietl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Heart Fail Rep"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0112","first-page":"2003","article-title":"Oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage and neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"8","author":"Guo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2007.1892","article-title":"Mitochondria-targeted cytoprotective peptides for ischemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"10","author":"Szeto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.14-42","article-title":"A mitochondrial superoxide theory for oxidative stress diseases and aging","volume":"56","author":"Indo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Biochem Nutr"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1708134","article-title":"Early versus delayed rehabilitation after acute muscle injury","volume":"377","author":"Bayer","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-007-9056-8","article-title":"Implications of chronic heart failure on peripheral vasculature and skeletal muscle before and after exercise training","volume":"13","author":"Duscha","year":"2008","journal-title":"Heart Fail Rev"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12144","article-title":"Lipid modulation of skeletal muscle mass and function","volume":"8","author":"Lipina","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00412.2012","article-title":"Increased ceramide content and NF\u03baB signaling may contribute to the attenuation of anabolic signaling after resistance exercise in aged males","volume":"113","author":"Rivas","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-013-2995-9","article-title":"Insulin-mediated suppression of lipolysis in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle of obese type 2 diabetic men and men with normal glucose tolerance","volume":"56","author":"Jocken","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2014.07.113","article-title":"Intramyocellular lipid is increased in the skeletal muscle of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy with lowered exercise capacity","volume":"176","author":"Hirabayashi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.80.5.1338","article-title":"Contribution of intrinsic skeletal muscle changes to 31P NMR skeletal muscle metabolic abnormalities in patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"80","author":"Mancini","year":"1989","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00919.2013","article-title":"Skeletal muscle capillary density and microvascular function are compromised with aging and type 2 diabetes","volume":"116","author":"Groen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.2337\/db10-1281","article-title":"Endothelin-1 reduces glucose uptake in human skeletal muscle in vivo and in vitro","volume":"60","author":"Shemyakin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-016-9549-4","article-title":"Diaphragm abnormalities in heart failure and aging: mechanisms and integration of cardiovascular and respiratory pathophysiology","volume":"22","author":"Kelley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Heart Fail Rev"},{"key":"2026012114033791500_ehf213121-bib-0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2009.08.010","article-title":"Barriers to participation in cardiac rehabilitation","volume":"158","author":"Dunlay","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am Heart J"}],"container-title":["ESC Heart Failure"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ehf2.13121","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ehf2.13121","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eschf\/article-pdf\/8\/1\/3\/65798732\/eschf_8_1_3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eschf\/article-pdf\/8\/1\/3\/65798732\/eschf_8_1_3.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T19:03:59Z","timestamp":1769022239000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eschf\/article\/8\/1\/3\/8369282"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,22]]},"references-count":125,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ehf2.13121","relation":{},"ISSN":["2055-5822"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2055-5822","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-08-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-11-03","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-11-22","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}