{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T13:31:36Z","timestamp":1791984696550,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1765,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]],"date-time":"2021-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University Heart Center Hamburg"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003042","name":"Else Kr\u00f6ner-Fresenius-Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003042","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University Heart and Vascular Centre Hamburg"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003042","name":"Else Kr\u00f6ner-Fresenius-Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003042","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007450","name":"Deutsche Stiftung Friedensforschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007450","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The management of cardiogenic shock remains a clinical challenge even in well-developed healthcare systems, best illustrated by its high mortality despite numerous innovative proposals for management. The aim of this study was to describe temporal trends in incidence, causes, use of mechanical circulatory support, and mortality in cardiogenic shock in Germany.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data on all cardiogenic shock patients treated in German hospitals between 2005 and 2017 were obtained from the Federal Bureau of Statistics. The data set comprised 441 696 patients with cardiogenic shock, mean age 71 (\u00b113.8) years, 171 383 (39%) female patients. Incidence rates increased from 33.1\/100 000 population in 2005 (27 246 cases) to 51.7\/100 000 population in 2017 (42 779 cases). Acute myocardial infarction was the most common cause of cardiogenic shock in 2005\u201307 (43 422 of 82 037 cases, 52.9%), but the proportion of cases caused by it decreased until 2014\u201317 (73 274 of 165 873 cases, 44.2%). Over time, intra-aortic balloon pump (2005: 5104; 2017: 973 cases) was used less frequently, whereas use of extracorporeal-membrane-oxygenation (2007: 35; 2017: 2414 cases) and percutaneous left ventricular assist devices (2005: 27; 2017: 1323 cases) increased. Mortality remained high at around 60% without relevant temporal trends in patients without acute myocardial infarction and slightly decreased in patients with acute myocardial infarction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this large, nation-wide study, annual incidence of cardiogenic shock was growing, its causes were changing, and mortality was high despite a shift towards use of novel mechanical circulatory support devices. This highlights the need to address the evidence gap in this field, in particular for cardiogenic shock caused by diseases other than acute myocardial infarction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.13202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,20]],"date-time":"2021-02-20T19:35:32Z","timestamp":1613849732000},"page":"1295-1303","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":149,"title":["Temporal Trends in Incidence, Causes, Use of Mechanical Circulatory Support and Mortality in Cardiogenic Shock"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Benedikt","family":"Schrage","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Centre Hamburg , Martinistr. 52, Hamburg, 20246 ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg\/L\u00fcbeck\/Kiel , Hamburg ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter Moritz","family":"Becher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Centre Hamburg , Martinistr. 52, Hamburg, 20246 ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg\/L\u00fcbeck\/Kiel , Hamburg ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alina","family":"Go\u00dfling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Centre Hamburg , Martinistr. 52, Hamburg, 20246 ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianluigi","family":"Savarese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute , Stockholm ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salim","family":"Dabboura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Centre Hamburg , Martinistr. 52, Hamburg, 20246 ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg\/L\u00fcbeck\/Kiel , Hamburg ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabell","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Centre Hamburg , Martinistr. 52, Hamburg, 20246 ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg\/L\u00fcbeck\/Kiel , Hamburg ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benedikt","family":"Beer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Centre Hamburg , Martinistr. 52, Hamburg, 20246 ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerold","family":"S\u00f6ffker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moritz","family":"Seiffert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Centre Hamburg , Martinistr. 52, Hamburg, 20246 ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg\/L\u00fcbeck\/Kiel , Hamburg ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Kluge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulus","family":"Kirchhof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Centre Hamburg , Martinistr. 52, Hamburg, 20246 ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg\/L\u00fcbeck\/Kiel , Hamburg ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Blankenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Centre Hamburg , Martinistr. 52, Hamburg, 20246 ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg\/L\u00fcbeck\/Kiel , Hamburg ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"Westermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Centre Hamburg , Martinistr. 52, Hamburg, 20246 ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg\/L\u00fcbeck\/Kiel , Hamburg ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012115081347500_ehf213202-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw128","article-title":"2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: the Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of 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