{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T19:18:19Z","timestamp":1790882299224,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1788,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]],"date-time":"2021-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1TR000124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR000124"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1TR000153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR000153"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01HL093466"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01HL093466"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1TR000124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR000124"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1TR000153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR000153"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01HL093466"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01HL093466"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The intermediate-term effects of dietary protein on cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight and obese patients with heart failure and diabetes mellitus are unknown. We compared the effect of two calorie-restricted diets on cardiometabolic risk factors in this population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this randomized controlled study, 76 overweight and obese (mean weight, 107.8 \u00b1 20.8 kg) patients aged 57.7 \u00b1 9.7 years, 72.4% male, were randomized to a high-protein (30% protein, 40% carbohydrates, and 30% fat) or standard-protein diet (15% protein, 55% carbohydrates, and 30% fat) for 3 months. Reductions in weight and cardiometabolic risks were evaluated at 3 months. Both diets were equally effective in reducing weight (3.6 vs. 2.9 kg) and waist circumference (1.9 vs. 1.3 cm), but the high-protein diet decreased to a greater extent glycosylated haemoglobin levels (0.7% vs. 0.1%, P = 0.002), cholesterol (16.8 vs. 0.9 mg\/dL, P = 0.031), and triglyceride (25.7 vs. 5.7 mg\/dL, P = 0.032), when compared with the standard-protein diet. The high-protein diet also significantly improved both systolic and diastolic blood pressure than the standard-protein diet (P &amp;lt; 0.001 and P = 0.040, respectively).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both energy-restricted diets reduced weight and visceral fat. However, the high-protein diet resulted in greater reductions in cardiometabolic risks relative to a standard-protein diet. These results suggest that a high-protein diet may be more effective in reducing cardiometabolic risk in this population, but further trials of longer duration are needed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.13213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]],"date-time":"2021-01-27T07:59:51Z","timestamp":1611734391000},"page":"1342-1348","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["High-Protein vs. Standard-Protein Diets in Overweight and Obese Patients with Heart Failure and Diabetes Mellitus: Findings of the Pro-HEART Trial"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Lorraine S.","family":"Evangelista","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, TX, 77555-1132 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mini M.","family":"Jose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, TX, 77555-1132 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanaa","family":"Sallam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Prevention and Care Program, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, TX ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hani","family":"Serag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Prevention and Care Program, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, TX ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Golovko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, TX ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamil","family":"Khanipov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, TX ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele A.","family":"Hamilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine\/Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Heart Failure Program, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute , Los Angeles, CA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregg C.","family":"Fonarow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ahmanson-UCLA Cardiomyopathy Center and Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012115073364000_ehf213213-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.03.478","article-title":"ACC\/AHA versus ESC guidelines on heart failure: JACC guideline comparison","volume":"73","author":"van der Meer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026012115073364000_ehf213213-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2014.1673","article-title":"Association between inflammatory biomarkers and adiposity in obese patients with heart failure and metabolic syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Motie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"2026012115073364000_ehf213213-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2016.11.001","article-title":"Obesity and heart failure: focus on the obesity paradox","volume":"92","author":"Carbone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"2026012115073364000_ehf213213-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2066","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-4956-4","article-title":"A carbohydrate-reduced high-protein diet improve HbA1c and liver fat content in weight stable participants with type 2 diabetes: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"62","author":"Skytte","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2026012115073364000_ehf213213-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e139","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000757","article-title":"Heart disease and stroke statistics 2020 update: a report from the American Heart Association","volume":"141","author":"Virani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026012115073364000_ehf213213-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.02.018","article-title":"Metabolic disturbances identified in plasma are associated with outcomes in patients with heart failure: diagnostic and prognostic value of metabolomics","volume":"65","author":"Cheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026012115073364000_ehf213213-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1586\/14779072.2013.824691","article-title":"Obesity in heart failure: impact on survival and treatment modalities","volume":"11","author":"Cheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther"},{"key":"2026012115073364000_ehf213213-bib-0008","first-page":"517","article-title":"Obesity paradox and the heart: which indicator of obesity best describes this complex relationship?","volume":"16","author":"De Schutter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care"},{"key":"2026012115073364000_ehf213213-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2013.10.004","article-title":"Obesity and the obesity paradox in heart failure","volume":"56","author":"Clark","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"2026012115073364000_ehf213213-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2018.05.005","article-title":"Obesity and the obesity paradox in heart failure","volume":"61","author":"Horwich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"2026012115073364000_ehf213213-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2018.07.003","article-title":"An overview and update on obesity and the obesity paradox in cardiovascular diseases","volume":"61","author":"Elagizi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"2026012115073364000_ehf213213-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(01)01683-7","article-title":"ACC\/AHA guidelines for the evaluation and management of chronic heart failure in the adult: executive summary. A report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (committee to revise the 1995 guidelines for the evaluation and management of heart failure)","volume":"38","author":"Hunt","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026012115073364000_ehf213213-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2013.08.004","article-title":"Pro-HEART\u2014a randomized clinical trial to test the effectiveness of a high protein diet targeting obese individuals with heart failure: rationale, design and baseline characteristics","volume":"36","author":"Motie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Trials"},{"key":"2026012115073364000_ehf213213-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2019.03.007","article-title":"Nutrition, obesity, and cachexia in patients with heart failure: a consensus statement from the Heart Failure Society of America Scientific Statements Committee","volume":"25","author":"Vest","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"key":"2026012115073364000_ehf213213-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1097\/00005082-200601000-00007","article-title":"Overweight and obesity in the context of heart failure: implications for practice and future research","volume":"21","author":"Evangelista","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Nurs"},{"key":"2026012115073364000_ehf213213-bib-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2016.134","article-title":"2016 ESC and ACC\/AHA\/HFSA heart failure guideline update\u2014what is new and why is it important?","volume":"13","author":"Jessup","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"2026012115073364000_ehf213213-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2017.04.014","article-title":"2017 ACC\/AHA\/HFSA focused update of the 2013 ACCF\/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Failure Society of America","volume":"23","author":"Yancy","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"key":"2026012115073364000_ehf213213-bib-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw128","article-title":"2016 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC","volume":"37","author":"Ponikowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026012115073364000_ehf213213-bib-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2010.04.004","article-title":"HFSA 2010 comprehensive heart failure practice guideline","volume":"16","author":"Lindenfeld","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"key":"2026012115073364000_ehf213213-bib-0020","first-page":"e596","article-title":"2019 ACC\/AHA guideline on the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"140","author":"Arnett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026012115073364000_ehf213213-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10070828","article-title":"Dietary patterns in secondary prevention of heart failure: a systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Dos Reis Padilha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2026012115073364000_ehf213213-bib-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10010058","article-title":"Mediterranean diet and other dietary patterns in primary prevention of heart failure and changes in cardiac function markers: a systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Sanches Machado d'Almeida","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2026012115073364000_ehf213213-bib-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.042457","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes","volume":"97","author":"Ajala","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026012115073364000_ehf213213-bib-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2013.07.010","article-title":"Comparison of effects of long-term low-fat vs. high-fat diets on blood lipid levels in overweight or obese patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"113","author":"Schwingshackl","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Acad Nutr Diet"},{"key":"2026012115073364000_ehf213213-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-017-0352-x","article-title":"A network meta-analysis on the comparative efficacy of different dietary approaches on glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"33","author":"Schwingshackl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026012115073364000_ehf213213-bib-0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1097\/JCN.0b013e31819846b9","article-title":"Reduced body weight and adiposity with a high-protein diet improve functional status, lipid profiles, glycemic control, and quality of life in patients with heart failure: a feasibility study","volume":"24","author":"Evangelista","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Nurs"},{"key":"2026012115073364000_ehf213213-bib-0027","volume-title":"IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 25.0 [Computer Program]","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026012115073364000_ehf213213-bib-0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0100652","article-title":"Low carbohydrate versus isoenergetic balanced diets for reducing weight and cardiovascular risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Naude","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2026012115073364000_ehf213213-bib-0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-017-0985-1","article-title":"The role of nutritional status in elderly patients with heart failure","volume":"22","author":"Wleklik","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"key":"2026012115073364000_ehf213213-bib-0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8070442","article-title":"Nutritional deficiency in patients with heart failure","volume":"8","author":"Sciatti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2026012115073364000_ehf213213-bib-0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1097\/JCN.0000000000000304","article-title":"Micronutrient deficiency independently predicts adverse health outcomes in patients with heart failure","volume":"32","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Nurs"},{"key":"2026012115073364000_ehf213213-bib-0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hft092","article-title":"Organization of heart failure management in the European Society of Cardiology member countries: survey of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology in collaboration with the Heart Failure National Societies\/Working Groups","volume":"15","author":"Seferovic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012115073364000_ehf213213-bib-0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2012.08.004","article-title":"Relatively high-protein or low-carbohydrate energy-restricted diets for body weight loss and body weight maintenance?","volume":"107","author":"Soenen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"2026012115073364000_ehf213213-bib-0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000013149","article-title":"High protein diet is of benefit for patients with type 2 diabetes: an updated meta-analysis","volume":"97","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"2026012115073364000_ehf213213-bib-0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.161.2.218","article-title":"Benefits of lifestyle modification in the pharmacologic treatment of obesity: a randomized trial","volume":"161","author":"Wadden","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2026012115073364000_ehf213213-bib-0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1161\/hc4001.096152","article-title":"Dietary protein and weight reduction: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Nutrition Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism of the American Heart Association","volume":"104","author":"St Jeor","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026012115073364000_ehf213213-bib-0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114518000521","article-title":"A carbohydrate-reduced high-protein diet acutely decrease postprandial and diurnal glucose excursions in type 2 diabetes patients","volume":"119","author":"Samkani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"2026012115073364000_ehf213213-bib-0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-018-9685-0","article-title":"The heart failure burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus-a review of pathophysiology and interventions","volume":"23","author":"Ofstad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heart Fail Rev"}],"container-title":["ESC Heart Failure"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ehf2.13213","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ehf2.13213","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eschf\/article-pdf\/8\/2\/1342\/65926445\/eschf_8_2_1342.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eschf\/article-pdf\/8\/2\/1342\/65926445\/eschf_8_2_1342.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T20:09:28Z","timestamp":1769026168000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eschf\/article\/8\/2\/1342\/8381854"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ehf2.13213","relation":{},"ISSN":["2055-5822"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2055-5822","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-10-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-01-02","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-01-27","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}