{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T22:46:04Z","timestamp":1792449964095,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1694,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Iron deficiency is a major heart failure co-morbidity present in about 50% of patients with stable heart failure irrespective of the left ventricular function. Along with compromise of daily activities, it also increases patient morbidity and mortality, which is independent of anaemia. Several trials have established parenteral iron supplementation as an important complimentary therapy to improve patient well-being and physical performance. Intravenous iron preparations, in the first-line ferric carboxymaltose, demonstrated in previous clinical trials superior clinical effect in comparison with oral iron preparations, improving New York Heart Association functional class, 6 min walk test distance, peak oxygen consumption, and quality of life in patients with chronic heart failure. Beneficial effect of iron deficiency treatment on morbidity and mortality of heart failure patients is waiting for conformation in ongoing trials. Although the current guidelines for treatment of chronic and acute heart failure acknowledge importance of iron deficiency correction and recommend intravenous iron supplementation for its treatment, iron deficiency remains frequently undertreated and insufficiently diagnosed in setting of the chronic heart failure. This paper highlights the current state of the art in the pathophysiology of iron deficiency, associations with heart failure trajectory and outcome, and an overview of current guideline-suggested treatment options.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.13265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T05:12:13Z","timestamp":1619845933000},"page":"2368-2379","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["Iron Deficiency in Heart Failure"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8553-683X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Goran","family":"Loncar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases \u2018Dedinje\u2019, University of Belgrade , Belgrade ,","place":["Serbia"]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade , Belgrade ,","place":["Serbia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2890-5755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danilo","family":"Obradovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology-Internal Medicine at Heart Center Leipzig, University of Leipzig , Str\u00fcmpellstra\u00dfe 39, Leipzig, 04289 ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0169-998X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Holger","family":"Thiele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology-Internal Medicine at Heart Center Leipzig, University of Leipzig , Str\u00fcmpellstra\u00dfe 39, Leipzig, 04289 ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9818-042X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephan","family":"von Haehling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medicine G\u00f6ttingen (UMG) , G\u00f6ttingen ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site G\u00f6ttingen , G\u00f6ttingen ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5922-4098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mitja","family":"Lainscak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana , Ljubljana ,","place":["Slovenia"]},{"name":"Division of Cardiology, General Hospital Murska Sobota , Murska Sobota ,","place":["Slovenia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199912233412607","article-title":"Disorders of iron metabolism","volume":"341","author":"Andrews","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.161","article-title":"Iron deficiency in a multi-ethnic Asian population with and without heart failure: prevalence, clinical correlates, functional significance and prognosis","volume":"16","author":"Yeo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-016-1073-y","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical impact of iron deficiency and anaemia among outpatients with chronic heart failure: the PrEP Registry","volume":"106","author":"von Haehling","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Res Cardiol"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12485","article-title":"Retrospective analysis into differences in heart failure patients with and without iron deficiency or anaemia","volume":"6","author":"Jacob","year":"2019","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2013.01.017","article-title":"Iron deficiency in chronic heart failure: an international pooled analysis","volume":"165","author":"Klip","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.837","article-title":"Iron status and inflammatory biomarkers in patients with acutely decompensated heart failure: early in-hospital phase and 30-day follow-up","volume":"19","author":"Van Aelst","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.588","article-title":"Iron deficiency and risk of early readmission following hospitalization for acute heart failure. Reply","volume":"18","author":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12604","article-title":"Usefulness of a personalized algorithm-based discharge checklist in patients hospitalized for acute heart failure","volume":"7","author":"Allain","year":"2020","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.12.027","article-title":"The burden of iron deficiency in heart failure: therapeutic approach","volume":"71","author":"Rocha","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1080\/00015385.2017.1351239","article-title":"Impact of iron deficiency on exercise capacity and outcome in heart failure with reduced, mid-range and preserved ejection fraction","volume":"73","author":"Martens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Cardiol"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1880","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12755","article-title":"Anaemia, iron status, and gender predict the outcome in patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"7","author":"Kurz","year":"2020","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1755-8794-2-2","article-title":"Iron behaving badly: inappropriate iron chelation as a major contributor to the aetiology of vascular and other progressive inflammatory and degenerative diseases","volume":"2","author":"Kell","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Med Genomics"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5627","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20225627","article-title":"Micronutrient depletion in heart failure: common, clinically relevant and treatable","volume":"20","author":"Cvetinovic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1039\/B816714C","article-title":"A general map of iron metabolism and tissue-specific subnetworks","volume":"5","author":"Hower","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Biosyst"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2015.109","article-title":"Iron deficiency and cardiovascular disease","volume":"12","author":"von Haehling","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2006.12.003","article-title":"Iron uptake and metabolism in the new millennium","volume":"17","author":"Dunn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02829934","article-title":"A precious metal: iron, an essential nutrient for all cells","volume":"1","author":"Cairo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Genes Nutr"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/cdg215","article-title":"Ferritins, iron uptake and storage from the bacterioferritin viewpoint","volume":"22","author":"Carrondo","year":"2003","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm1620","article-title":"Iron\u2013sulphur cluster biogenesis and mitochondrial iron homeostasis","volume":"6","author":"Rouault","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1097\/MOH.0b013e3282f73335","article-title":"Iron regulation and erythropoiesis","volume":"15","author":"Nemeth","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Opin Hematol"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra041809","article-title":"Anemia of chronic disease","volume":"352","author":"Weiss","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.2.568S","article-title":"Iron biology in immune function, muscle metabolism and neuronal functioning","volume":"131","author":"Beard","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvn301","article-title":"Energy metabolism in heart failure and remodelling","volume":"81","author":"Ingwall","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12314","article-title":"Iron deficiency as energetic insult to skeletal muscle in chronic diseases","volume":"9","author":"Dziegala","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-012-9353-8","article-title":"Metabolic and structural impairment of skeletal muscle in heart failure","volume":"18","author":"Zizola","year":"2013","journal-title":"Heart Fail Rev"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.85.5.1751","article-title":"Alterations of skeletal muscle in chronic heart failure","volume":"85","author":"Drexler","year":"1992","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12282","article-title":"Depleted iron stores are associated with inspiratory muscle weakness independently of skeletal muscle mass in men with systolic chronic heart failure","volume":"9","author":"Tkaczyszyn","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1182\/asheducation-2009.1.207","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of normal iron homeostasis","volume":"1","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2010.079046","article-title":"Disorders of iron metabolism. Part 1: molecular basis of iron homoeostasis","volume":"64","author":"Munoz","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.06.028","article-title":"Two to tango: regulation of Mammalian iron metabolism","volume":"142","author":"Hentze","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0b013e32831ef1f7","article-title":"Iron absorption and metabolism","volume":"25","author":"Anderson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Opin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20101825","article-title":"Regulation of cellular iron metabolism","volume":"434","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2019.08.009","article-title":"Iron and heart failure: diagnosis, therapies, and future directions","volume":"5","author":"Ghafourian","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC Basic Transl Sci"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2009.12.030","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of hepcidin regulation: implications for the anemia of CKD","volume":"55","author":"Babitt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2009.06.012","article-title":"Hepcidin, the iron watcher","volume":"91","author":"Viatte","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4292","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-02-139915","article-title":"Immunoassay for human serum hepcidin","volume":"112","author":"Ganz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.07307","article-title":"Inflammation in heart failure: the holy grail?","volume":"68","author":"Mehta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-016-9533-z","article-title":"The role of inflammation and cell death in the pathogenesis, progression and treatment of heart failure","volume":"21","author":"Briasoulis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Heart Fail Rev"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2468","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu235","article-title":"Iron deficiency defined as depleted iron stores accompanied by unmet cellular iron requirements identifies patients at the highest risk of death after an episode of acute heart failure","volume":"35","author":"Jankowska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-017-0660-3","article-title":"Role of inflammation in heart failure","volume":"19","author":"Shirazi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Atheroscler Rep"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.01490506","article-title":"Assessing iron status: beyond serum ferritin and transferrin saturation","volume":"1","author":"Wish","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4754","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-05-286260","article-title":"Detection, evaluation, and management of iron-restricted erythropoiesis","volume":"116","author":"Goodnough","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.24820","article-title":"Group. Iron deficiency across chronic inflammatory conditions: international expert opinion on definition, diagnosis, and management","volume":"92","author":"Cappellini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2011.77","article-title":"Anemia and iron deficiency in heart failure: mechanisms and therapeutic approaches","volume":"8","author":"van Veldhuisen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2010.08.006","article-title":"Nutritional intake and oxidative stress in chronic heart failure","volume":"22","author":"Hughes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0046","first-page":"541","article-title":"Nutritional status and adequacy of energy and nutrient intakes among heart failure patients","volume":"93","author":"Louren\u00e7o","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arq Bras Cardiol"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1305","article-title":"Screening, diagnosis and treatment of iron deficiency in chronic heart failure: putting the 2016 European Society of Cardiology heart failure guidelines into clinical practice","volume":"20","author":"McDonagh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.592","article-title":"ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC","volume":"18","author":"Ponikowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1974","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/135.8.1974","article-title":"Hemoglobin and ferritin are currently the most efficient indicators of population response to iron interventions: an analysis of nine randomized controlled trials","volume":"135","author":"Mei","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0050","first-page":"345","article-title":"Soluble transferrin receptors and iron deficiency, a step beyond ferritin. A systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Koulaouzidis","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Gastrointestin Liver Dis"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2010.tb04038.x","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of iron deficiency anaemia: a clinical update","volume":"193","author":"Pasricha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.08.034","article-title":"Etiology of anemia in patients with advanced heart failure","volume":"48","author":"Nanas","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.117.004519","article-title":"Definition of iron deficiency based on the gold standard of bone marrow iron staining in heart failure patients","volume":"11","author":"Grote Beverborg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.11705","article-title":"Hepcidin: from discovery to differential diagnosis","volume":"93","author":"Kemna","year":"2008","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehs377","article-title":"Iron status in patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"34","author":"Jankowska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.820","article-title":"Iron deficiency and red cell indices in patients with heart failure","volume":"20","author":"Tkaczyszyn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0057","first-page":"301","article-title":"Intravenous iron-dextran: therapeutic and experimental possibilities","volume":"100","author":"Ganzoni","year":"1970","journal-title":"Schweiz Med Wochenschr"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.823","article-title":"Effects of ferric carboxymaltose on hospitalisations and mortality rates in iron-deficient heart failure patients: an individual patient data meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Anker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12379","article-title":"Prevalence of underlying gastrointestinal malignancies in iron-deficient heart failure","volume":"6","author":"Martens","year":"2019","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(00)00613-6","article-title":"The use of subcutaneous erythropoietin and intravenous iron for the treatment of the anemia of severe, resistant congestive heart failure improves cardiac and renal function and functional cardiac class, and markedly reduces hospitalizations","volume":"35","author":"Silverberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.5427","article-title":"Effect of oral iron repletion on exercise capacity in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and iron deficiency: the IRONOUT HF randomized clinical trial","volume":"317","author":"Lewis","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.029","article-title":"Intravenous iron reduces NT-pro-brain natriuretic peptide in anemic patients with chronic heart failure and renal insufficiency","volume":"50","author":"Toblli","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2436","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0908355","article-title":"Ferric carboxymaltose in patients with heart failure and iron deficiency","volume":"361","author":"Anker","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.04.181","article-title":"IRON-HF study: a randomized trial to assess the effects of iron in heart failure patients with anemia","volume":"168","author":"Beck-da-Silva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu385","article-title":"Beneficial effects of long-term intravenous iron therapy with ferric carboxymaltose in patients with symptomatic heart failure and iron deficiency","volume":"36","author":"Ponikowski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.027497","article-title":"Effect of ferric carboxymaltose on exercise capacity in patients with chronic heart failure and iron deficiency","volume":"136","author":"van Veldhuisen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.473","article-title":"Effects of intravenous iron therapy in iron-deficient patients with systolic heart failure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"18","author":"Jankowska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2018.07.015","article-title":"Iron deficiency in heart failure: an overview","volume":"7","author":"von Haehling","year":"2019","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2015.11.178","article-title":"The impact of iron deficiency and anaemia on exercise capacity and outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure. Results from the Studies Investigating Co-morbidities Aggravating Heart Failure","volume":"205","author":"Ebner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehr504","article-title":"The effect of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose on health-related quality of life in patients with chronic heart failure and iron deficiency: a subanalysis of the FAIR-HF study","volume":"34","author":"Comin-Colet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12432","article-title":"Budget impact of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose in patients with chronic heart failure and iron deficiency in France","volume":"6","author":"Bourguignon","year":"2019","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12400","article-title":"Differences between intravenous iron products: focus on treatment of iron deficiency in chronic heart failure patients","volume":"6","author":"Martin-Malo","year":"2019","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2014.10.007","article-title":"The safety of intravenous iron preparations: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"90","author":"Avni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.09.036","article-title":"Effect of intravenous iron sucrose on exercise tolerance in anemic and nonanemic patients with symptomatic chronic heart failure and iron deficiency FERRIC-HF: a randomized, controlled, observer-blinded trial","volume":"51","author":"Okonko","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12462","article-title":"Effect of ferric carboxymaltose on calculated plasma volume status and clinical congestion: a FAIR-HF substudy","volume":"6","author":"Okonko","year":"2019","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.06.005","article-title":"FERGIcor, a randomized controlled trial on ferric carboxymaltose for iron deficiency anemia in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"141","author":"Evstatiev","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12503","article-title":"Rationale and design of the IRON-CRT trial: effect of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose on reverse remodelling following cardiac resynchronization therapy","volume":"6","author":"Martens","year":"2019","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12675","article-title":"The effect of iron deficiency on cardiac resynchronization therapy: results from the RIDE-CRT Study","volume":"7","author":"Lacour","year":"2020","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12101","article-title":"Left ventricular ejection fraction recovery in patients with heart failure treated with intravenous iron: a pilot study","volume":"3","author":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez","year":"2016","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3616","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz680","article-title":"Iron deficiency in worsening heart failure is associated with reduced estimated protein intake, fluid retention, inflammation, and antiplatelet use","volume":"40","author":"van der Wal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1710","article-title":"Rationale and design of the AFFIRM-AHF trial: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial comparing the effect of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose on hospitalisations and mortality in iron-deficient patients admitted for acute heart failure","volume":"21","author":"Ponikowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hft083","article-title":"Iron deficiency is a key determinant of health-related quality of life in patients with chronic heart failure regardless of anaemia status","volume":"15","author":"Com\u00edn-Colet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-018-1344-x","article-title":"Iron deficiency in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and its association with reduced exercise capacity, muscle strength and quality of life","volume":"108","author":"Bekfani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Res Cardiol"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/openhrt-2019-001012","article-title":"Iron deficiency in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Beale","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Heart"},{"key":"2026012114213029800_ehf213265-bib-0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.117.004431","article-title":"Hyporesponsiveness to darbepoetin alfa in patients with heart failure and anemia in the RED-HF study (Reduction of Events by Darbepoetin Alfa in Heart Failure): clinical and prognostic associations","volume":"11","author":"van der Meer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"}],"container-title":["ESC Heart Failure"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ehf2.13265","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ehf2.13265","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eschf\/article-pdf\/8\/4\/2368\/65569223\/eschf_8_4_2368.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eschf\/article-pdf\/8\/4\/2368\/65569223\/eschf_8_4_2368.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T19:26:32Z","timestamp":1769023592000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eschf\/article\/8\/4\/2368\/8344444"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ehf2.13265","relation":{},"ISSN":["2055-5822"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2055-5822","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-10-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-02-04","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-05-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}