{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T16:24:34Z","timestamp":1791563074294,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1693,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,2]],"date-time":"2021-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008360","name":"Hamilton Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008360","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000226","name":"Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["6686"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6686"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["135917"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["135917"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008360","name":"Hamilton Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Career Award"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Career Award"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008360","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000226","name":"Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["6686"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6686"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["135917"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["135917"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Heart failure (HF) guidelines place patients into 3 discrete groups according to left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF): reduced (&amp;lt;40%), mid-range (40\u201349%), and preserved LVEF (\u226550%). We assessed whether clinical phenogroups offer better prognostication than LVEF.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was a sub-study of the Patient-Centered Care Transitions in HF trial. We analysed baseline characteristics of hospitalized patients in whom LVEF was recorded. We used unsupervised machine learning to identify clinical phenogroups and, thereafter, determined associations between phenogroups and outcomes. Primary outcome was the composite of all-cause death or rehospitalization at 6 and 12 months. Secondary outcome was the composite cardiovascular death or HF rehospitalization at 6 and 12 months. Cluster analysis of 1693 patients revealed six discrete phenogroups, each characterized by a predominant comorbidity: coronary heart disease, valvular heart disease, atrial fibrillation (AF), sleep apnoea, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or few comorbidities. Phenogroups were LVEF independent, with each phenogroup encompassing a wide range of LVEFs. For the primary composite outcome at 6 months, the hazard ratios (HRs) for phenogroups ranged from 1.25 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.00\u20131.58 for AF] to 2.04 (95% CI 1.62\u20132.57 for COPD) (log-rank P &amp;lt; 0.001); and at 12 months, the HRs for phenogroups ranged from 1.15 (95% CI 0.94\u20131.41 for AF) to 1.87 (95% 1.52\u20133.20 for COPD) (P &amp;lt; 0.002). LVEF-based classifications did not separate patients into different risk categories for the primary outcomes at 6 months (P = 0.69) and 12 months (P = 0.30). Phenogroups also stratified risk of the secondary composite outcome at 6 and 12 months more effectively than LVEF.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among patients hospitalized for HF, clinical phenotypes generated by unsupervised machine learning provided greater prognostic information for a composite of clinical endpoints at 6 and 12 months compared with LVEF-based categories.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02112227<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.13344","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,2]],"date-time":"2021-05-02T04:28:03Z","timestamp":1619929683000},"page":"2741-2754","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Clinical Phenogroups are More Effective than Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction Categories in Stratifying Heart Failure Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Andreas B.","family":"Gevaert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group Cardiovascular Diseases, GENCOR Department, University of Antwerp , Antwerp ,","place":["Belgium"]},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA) , Edegem ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Semra","family":"Tibebu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICES, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamas A.","family":"Mamas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keele Cardiovascular Research Group, Centre for Prognosis Research, Keele University , Stoke on Trent ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neal G.","family":"Ravindra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University , New Haven, CT ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Yale University , New Haven, CT ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shun Fu","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Population Health Research Institute , Hamilton, Ontario ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tariq","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University , New Haven, CT ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale New Haven Health , New Haven, CT ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis T.","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICES, University of Toronto , Hamilton, Ontario ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"James L.","family":"Januzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, MA ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Baim Institute for Clinical Research , Boston, MA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harriette G.C.","family":"Van Spall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICES, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, 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