{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T14:35:30Z","timestamp":1776436530165,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1537,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,5]],"date-time":"2021-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633392000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015718","name":"Munich Center of Health Sciences (MC-Health), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015718","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010269","name":"State of Bavaria","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research"},{"name":"Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen \u2013 German Research Center for Environmental Health"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009471","name":"EkstraStiftelsen Helse og Rehabilitering","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009471","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Norwegian Council on Cardiovascular Diseases"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007137","name":"Northern Norway Regional Health Authority","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007137","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Screening Services"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Research Council of Norway","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007465","name":"University of Troms\u00f8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007465","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"County Council of V\u00e4sterbotten","award":["VLL-548791"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VLL-548791"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003793","name":"Swedish Heart\u2013Lung Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20100635"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20100635"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003793","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003793","name":"Swedish Heart\u2013Lung Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20120631"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20120631"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003793","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003793","name":"Swedish Heart\u2013Lung Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20140799"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20140799"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003793","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004885","name":"Ume\u00e5 University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004885","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004357","name":"Swedish Environmental Protection Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004357","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Swedish Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Norrbotten and V\u00e4sterbotten County Councils"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005633","name":"Finnish Foundation for Cardiovascular Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011102","name":"European Commission Seventh Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HEALTH-F3-2010-242244"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HEALTH-F3-2010-242244"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011102","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011102","name":"European Commission Seventh Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HEALTH-F4-2007-2014113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HEALTH-F4-2007-2014113"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011102","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011102","name":"European Union Seventh Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HEALTH-F2-2011-278913"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HEALTH-F2-2011-278913"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011102","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015718","name":"M\u00fcnchner Zentrum f\u00fcr Gesundheitswissenschaften, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015718","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010269","name":"Bayerisches Staatsministerium f\u00fcr Ern\u00e4hrung, Landwirtschaft und Forsten","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009471","name":"EkstraStiftelsen Helse og Rehabilitering","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009471","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007137","name":"Helse Nord RHF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007137","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007465","name":"Universitetet i Troms\u00f8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007465","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003793","name":"Hj\u00e4rt-Lungfonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20100635"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20100635"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003793","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003793","name":"Hj\u00e4rt-Lungfonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20120631"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20120631"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003793","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003793","name":"Hj\u00e4rt-Lungfonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20140799"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20140799"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003793","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004885","name":"Ume\u00e5 Universitet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004885","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004357","name":"Naturv\u00e5rdsverket","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004357","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005633","name":"Syd\u00e4ntutkimuss\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011102","name":"Seventh Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HEALTH\u2010F3\u20102010\u2010242244"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HEALTH\u2010F3\u20102010\u2010242244"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011102","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011102","name":"Seventh Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HEALTH\u2010F4\u20102007\u20102014113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HEALTH\u2010F4\u20102007\u20102014113"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011102","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011102","name":"Seventh Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HEALTH\u2010F2\u20102011\u2010278913"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HEALTH\u2010F2\u20102011\u2010278913"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011102","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although absolute (AID) and functional iron deficiency (FID) are known risk factors for patients with cardiovascular (CV) disease, their relevance for the general population is unknown. The aim was to assess the association between AID\/FID with incident CV disease and mortality in the general population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In 12 164 individuals from three European population-based cohorts, AID was defined as ferritin &amp;lt; 100 \u03bcg\/L or as ferritin &amp;lt; 30 \u03bcg\/L (severe AID), and FID was defined as ferritin &amp;lt; 100 \u03bcg\/L or ferritin 100\u2013299 \u03bcg\/L and transferrin saturation &amp;lt; 20%. The association between iron deficiency and incident coronary heart disease (CHD), CV mortality, and all-cause mortality was evaluated by Cox regression models. Population attributable fraction (PAF) was estimated. Median age was 59 (45\u201368) years; 45.2% were male. AID, severe AID, and FID were prevalent in 60.0%, 16.4%, and 64.3% of individuals. AID was associated with CHD [hazard ratio (HR) 1.20, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04\u20131.39, P = 0.01], but not with mortality. Severe AID was associated with all-cause mortality (HR 1.28, 95% CI 1.12\u20131.46, P &amp;lt; 0.01), but not with CV mortality\/CHD. FID was associated with CHD (HR 1.24, 95% CI 1.07\u20131.43, P &amp;lt; 0.01), CV mortality (HR 1.26, 95% CI 1.03\u20131.54, P = 0.03), and all-cause mortality (HR 1.12, 95% CI 1.01\u20131.24, P = 0.03). Overall, 5.4% of all deaths, 11.7% of all CV deaths, and 10.7% of CHD were attributable to FID.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the general population, FID was highly prevalent, was associated with incident CHD, CV death, and all-cause death, and had the highest PAF for these events, whereas AID was only associated with CHD and severe AID only with all-cause mortality. This indicates that FID is a relevant risk factor for CV diseases in the general population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.13589","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,7]],"date-time":"2021-10-07T23:56:17Z","timestamp":1633650977000},"page":"4584-4592","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Association of Iron Deficiency with Incident Cardiovascular Diseases and Mortality in the General Population"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Benedikt","family":"Schrage","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg , Hamburg ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg\/Kiel\/Luebeck , Hamburg ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"R\u00fcbsamen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg , Hamburg ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisco M.","family":"Ojeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg , Hamburg ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Thorand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH) , Neuherberg ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annette","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH) , Neuherberg ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich , Munich ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Koenig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich , Munich ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Deutsches Herzzentrum M\u00fcnchen, Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen , Munich ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, University of Ulm , Ulm ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"S\u00f6derberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, and Heart Centre, Ume\u00e5 University , Ume\u00e5 ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maja","family":"S\u00f6derberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, and Heart Centre, Ume\u00e5 University , Ume\u00e5 ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ellisiv B.","family":"Mathiesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, University of Troms\u00f8 The Arctic University of Norway , Troms\u00f8 ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Inger","family":"Nj\u00f8lstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, University of Troms\u00f8 The Arctic University of Norway , Troms\u00f8 ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Kee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Public Health, Queens University of Belfast , Belfast ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Allan","family":"Linneberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen ,","place":["Denmark"]},{"name":"Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, The Capital Region , Copenhagen ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kari","family":"Kuulasmaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Health and Welfare , Helsinki ,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Palosaari","family":"Tarja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Health and Welfare , Helsinki ,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Veikko","family":"Salomaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Health and Welfare , Helsinki ,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Blankenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg , Hamburg ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg\/Kiel\/Luebeck , Hamburg ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tanja","family":"Zeller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg , Hamburg ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg\/Kiel\/Luebeck , Hamburg ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahir","family":"Karakas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg , Hamburg ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg\/Kiel\/Luebeck , Hamburg ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012114195698900_ehf213589-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.06.028","article-title":"Two to tango: regulation of Mammalian iron metabolism","volume":"142","author":"Hentze","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"2026012114195698900_ehf213589-bib-0002","first-page":"485","article-title":"Iron-deficiency anemia","volume":"373","author":"Camaschella","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026012114195698900_ehf213589-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2011.10.013","article-title":"Regulation of iron transport and the role of transferrin","volume":"1820","author":"Gkouvatsos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta."},{"key":"2026012114195698900_ehf213589-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2015.109","article-title":"Iron deficiency and cardiovascular disease","volume":"12","author":"von Haehling","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol."},{"key":"2026012114195698900_ehf213589-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.3390\/biom8030060","article-title":"Adverse outcome prediction of iron deficiency in patients with acute coronary syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Zeller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomolecules."},{"key":"2026012114195698900_ehf213589-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.3390\/biom8030072","article-title":"Intrinsic iron release is associated with lower mortality in patients with stable coronary artery disease-first report on the prospective relevance of intrinsic iron release","volume":"8","author":"Ruhe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomolecules."},{"key":"2026012114195698900_ehf213589-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3390\/biom8030043","article-title":"Prognostic value of iron-homeostasis regulating peptide hepcidin in coronary heart disease-evidence from the large AtheroGene study","volume":"8","author":"Zeller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomolecules."},{"key":"2026012114195698900_ehf213589-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2436","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0908355","article-title":"Ferric carboxymaltose in patients with heart failure and iron deficiency","volume":"361","author":"Anker","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"2026012114195698900_ehf213589-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hft099","article-title":"Intravenous ferric carboxymaltose in iron-deficient chronic heart failure patients with and without anaemia: a subanalysis of the FAIR-HF trial","volume":"15","author":"Filippatos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail."},{"key":"2026012114195698900_ehf213589-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2388","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.901413","article-title":"Contribution of 30 biomarkers to 10-year cardiovascular risk estimation in 2 population cohorts: the MONICA, risk, genetics, archiving, and monograph (MORGAM) biomarker project","volume":"121","author":"Blankenberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"2026012114195698900_ehf213589-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.005967","article-title":"Twenty-Year predictors of peripheral arterial disease compared with coronary heart disease in the Scottish Heart Health Extended Cohort (SHHEC)","volume":"6","author":"Tunstall-Pedoe","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc."},{"key":"2026012114195698900_ehf213589-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-014-9952-x","article-title":"BiomarCaRE: rationale and design of the European BiomarCaRE project including 300,000 participants from 13 European countries","volume":"29","author":"Zeller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol."},{"key":"2026012114195698900_ehf213589-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/44.1.45","article-title":"Clinical utility of the soluble transferrin receptor and comparison with serum ferritin in several populations","volume":"44","author":"Mast","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Chem."},{"key":"2026012114195698900_ehf213589-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2018.12.005","article-title":"Are current serum and plasma ferritin cut-offs for iron deficiency and overload accurate and reflecting iron status? A systematic review","volume":"49","author":"Garcia-Casal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Med Res."},{"key":"2026012114195698900_ehf213589-bib-0015","volume-title":"WHO guideline on use of ferritin concentrations to assess iron status in individuals and populations","author":"Organization WH","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026012114195698900_ehf213589-bib-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyh327","article-title":"MORGAM (an international pooling of cardiovascular cohorts)","volume":"34","author":"Evans","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol."},{"key":"2026012114195698900_ehf213589-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.306471","article-title":"From lipids to inflammation: new approaches to reducing atherosclerotic risk","volume":"118","author":"Shapiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ Res."},{"key":"2026012114195698900_ehf213589-bib-0018","first-page":"II2","article-title":"Inflammation as a cardiovascular risk factor","volume":"109","author":"Willerson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"2026012114195698900_ehf213589-bib-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2013.01.017","article-title":"Iron deficiency in chronic heart failure: an international pooled analysis","volume":"165","author":"Klip","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am Heart J."},{"key":"2026012114195698900_ehf213589-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.24820","article-title":"Iron deficiency across chronic inflammatory conditions: International expert opinion on definition, diagnosis, and management","volume":"92","author":"Cappellini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Hematol."},{"key":"2026012114195698900_ehf213589-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcu045","article-title":"Transferrin saturation ratio and risk of total and cardiovascular mortality in the general population","volume":"107","author":"Stack","year":"2014","journal-title":"QJM."},{"key":"2026012114195698900_ehf213589-bib-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002818","article-title":"Iron deficiency, elevated erythropoietin, fibroblast growth factor 23, and mortality in the general population of the Netherlands: A cohort study","volume":"16","author":"Eisenga","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"2026012114195698900_ehf213589-bib-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-020-01631-y","article-title":"Iron deficiency is a common disorder in general population and independently predicts all-cause mortality: results from the Gutenberg Health Study","volume":"109","author":"Schrage","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Res Cardiol."},{"key":"2026012114195698900_ehf213589-bib-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.156000","article-title":"Iron status in pregnant women and women of reproductive age in Europe","volume":"106","author":"Milman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"2026012114195698900_ehf213589-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-668X(03)00114-3","article-title":"Estimation of ten-year risk of fatal cardiovascular disease in Europe: the SCORE project","volume":"24","author":"Conroy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur Heart J."},{"key":"2026012114195698900_ehf213589-bib-0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1979.03290450033020","article-title":"Diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The Framingham study","volume":"241","author":"Kannel","year":"1979","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"2026012114195698900_ehf213589-bib-0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.658948","article-title":"Increasing cardiovascular disease burden due to diabetes mellitus: the Framingham Heart Study","volume":"115","author":"Fox","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"2026012114195698900_ehf213589-bib-0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.113905","article-title":"Association of all-cause mortality with overweight and obesity using standard body mass index categories: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"309","author":"Flegal","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"2026012114195698900_ehf213589-bib-0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu385","article-title":"Beneficial effects of long-term intravenous iron therapy with ferric carboxymaltose in patients with symptomatic heart failure and iron deficiencydagger","volume":"36","author":"Ponikowski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Heart J."},{"key":"2026012114195698900_ehf213589-bib-0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw128","article-title":"2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC","volume":"37","author":"Ponikowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Heart J."},{"key":"2026012114195698900_ehf213589-bib-0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-013-0418-8","article-title":"The use of dietary supplements among older persons in southern Germany - results from the KORA-age study","volume":"18","author":"Schwab","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging."},{"key":"2026012114195698900_ehf213589-bib-0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.012994","article-title":"Effects of genetically determined iron status on risk of venous thromboembolism and carotid atherosclerotic disease: a mendelian randomization study","volume":"8","author":"Gill","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc."}],"container-title":["ESC Heart Failure"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ehf2.13589","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ehf2.13589","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eschf\/article-pdf\/8\/6\/4584\/65569615\/eschf_8_6_4584.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eschf\/article-pdf\/8\/6\/4584\/65569615\/eschf_8_6_4584.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T19:24:03Z","timestamp":1769023443000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eschf\/article\/8\/6\/4584\/8343748"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,5]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ehf2.13589","relation":{},"ISSN":["2055-5822"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2055-5822","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-03-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-08-19","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-10-05","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}