{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T12:27:16Z","timestamp":1769084836237,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1353,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,23]],"date-time":"2022-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647993600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CL-2016-17-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CL-2016-17-001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RP-PG-0407-10314"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RP-PG-0407-10314"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/K006584\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/K006584\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["086091\/Z\/08\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["086091\/Z\/08\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023699","name":"Health Data Research UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023699","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Innovative Medicines Initiative-2 Joint Undertaking","award":["116074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["116074"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000691","name":"Academy of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SGL020\\1087"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SGL020\\1087"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CL\u20102016\u201017\u2010001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CL\u20102016\u201017\u2010001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RP\u2010PG\u20100407\u201010314"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RP\u2010PG\u20100407\u201010314"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/K006584\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/K006584\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["086091\/Z\/08\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["086091\/Z\/08\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000691","name":"Academy of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SGL020\\1087"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SGL020\\1087"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The optimal strategy for diabetes control in patients with heart failure (HF) following myocardial infarction (MI) remains unknown. Metformin, a guideline-recommended therapy for patients with chronic HF and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), is associated with reduced mortality and HF hospitalizations. However, worse outcomes have been reported when used at the time of MI. We compared outcomes of patients with T2DM and HF of ischaemic aetiology according to antidiabetic treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study used linked data from primary care, hospital admissions, and death registries for 4.7 million inhabitants in England, as part of the CALIBER resource. The primary endpoint was a composite of cardiovascular mortality and HF hospitalization. The secondary endpoints were the individual components of the primary endpoint and all-cause mortality. To evaluate the effect of temporal changes in diabetes treatment, antidiabetic medication was included as time-dependent covariates in survival analyses. The study included 1172 patients with T2DM and prior MI and incident HF between 3 January 1998 and 26 February 2010. Five hundred and ninety-six patients had the primary outcome over median follow-up of 2.53 (IQR: 0.98\u20134.92) years. Adjusted analyses showed a reduced hazard of the composite endpoint for exposure to all antidiabetic medication with hazard ratios (HRs) of 0.50 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.42\u20130.59], 0.66 (95% CI: 0.55\u20130.80), and 0.53 (95% CI: 0.43\u20130.65), respectively. A similar effect was seen for all-cause mortality [HRs of 0.43 (95% CI: 0.35\u20130.52), 0.57 (95% CI: 0.46\u20130.70), and 0.34 (95% CI: 0.27\u20130.43), respectively].<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>When considering changes in antidiabetic treatment over time, all drug classes were associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular mortality and HF hospitalization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.13910","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,23]],"date-time":"2022-03-23T20:48:49Z","timestamp":1648068529000},"page":"1608-1615","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Cardiovascular Outcomes Associated with Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes in Patients with Ischaemic Heart Failure"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Thomas R.","family":"Godec","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Statistics, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, The London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine , London ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4243-5964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel I.","family":"Bromage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, James Black Centre , 125 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar","family":"Pujades-Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds , Leeds ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Cannat\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, James Black Centre , 125 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arturo","family":"Gonzalez-Izquierdo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health Informatics, University College London , London ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Health Data Research UK London, University College London , London ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"The National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, University College London , London ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Spiros","family":"Denaxas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health Informatics, University College London , London ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Health Data Research UK London, University College London , London ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"The National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, University College London , London ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harry","family":"Hemingway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health Informatics, University College London , London ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Health Data Research UK London, University College London , London ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"The National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, University College London , London ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ajay M.","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, James Black Centre , 125 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Derek M.","family":"Yellon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London , London ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Theresa A.","family":"McDonagh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, James Black Centre , 125 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012114232460100_ehf213910-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3599","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab368","article-title":"2021 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure","volume":"42","author":"McDonagh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026012114232460100_ehf213910-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.112.000162","article-title":"Comparative safety and effectiveness of metformin in patients with diabetes mellitus and heart failure: systematic review of observational studies involving 34,000 patients","volume":"6","author":"Eurich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012114232460100_ehf213910-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-013-6504-7","article-title":"Chronic metformin treatment is associated with reduced myocardial infarct size in diabetic patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction","volume":"28","author":"Lexis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Drugs Ther"},{"key":"2026012114232460100_ehf213910-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.115.002314","article-title":"Metformin and myocardial injury in patients with diabetes and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a propensity score matched analysis","volume":"4","author":"Basnet","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"2026012114232460100_ehf213910-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.313341","article-title":"Effect of intracoronary metformin on myocardial infarct size in swine","volume":"123","author":"Techiryan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2026012114232460100_ehf213910-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-019-0972-4","article-title":"Metformin use and cardiovascular outcomes after acute myocardial infarction in patients with type 2 diabetes: a cohort study","volume":"18","author":"Bromage","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"2026012114232460100_ehf213910-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocz105","article-title":"UK phenomics platform for developing and validating electronic health record phenotypes: CALIBER","volume":"26","author":"Denaxas","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"key":"2026012114232460100_ehf213910-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39335.541782.AD","article-title":"Strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies","volume":"335","author":"von Elm","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026012114232460100_ehf213910-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001885","article-title":"The REporting of studies conducted using observational routinely-collected health data (RECORD) statement","volume":"12","author":"Benchimol","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2026012114232460100_ehf213910-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S86","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60401-9","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes and incidence of a wide range of cardiovascular diseases: a cohort study in 1.9 million people","volume":"385","author":"Dinesh Shah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026012114232460100_ehf213910-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.013797","article-title":"How does cardiovascular disease first present in women and men? Incidence of 12 cardiovascular diseases in a contemporary cohort of 1,937,360 people","volume":"132","author":"George","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026012114232460100_ehf213910-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15781","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-72967-8","article-title":"Assessing the need for pioglitazone in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of its risks and benefits from prospective trials","volume":"10","author":"Sinha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026012114232460100_ehf213910-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.298.10.1189","article-title":"Long-term risk of cardiovascular events with rosiglitazone: a meta-analysis","volume":"298","author":"Singh","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026012114232460100_ehf213910-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0104671","article-title":"Socioeconomic deprivation and the incidence of 12 cardiovascular diseases in 1.9 million women and men: implications for risk prediction and prevention","volume":"9","author":"Pujades-Rodriguez","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026012114232460100_ehf213910-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.5984","article-title":"The use of propensity score methods with survival or time-to-event outcomes: reporting measures of effect similar to those used in randomized experiments","volume":"33","author":"Austin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"2026012114232460100_ehf213910-bib-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2011.568786","article-title":"An introduction to propensity score methods for reducing the effects of confounding in observational studies","volume":"46","author":"Austin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Multivar Behav Res"},{"key":"2026012114232460100_ehf213910-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/70.1.41","article-title":"The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects","volume":"70","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"1983","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"2026012114232460100_ehf213910-bib-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-2227","article-title":"Treatment of type 2 diabetes and outcomes in patients with heart failure: a nested case-control study from the U.K. general practice research database","volume":"33","author":"MacDonald","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2026012114232460100_ehf213910-bib-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2315","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw106","article-title":"2016 European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: the sixth joint task force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of 10 societies and by invited experts) developed with the special contribution of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation (EACPR)","volume":"37","author":"Piepoli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026012114232460100_ehf213910-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1911303","article-title":"Dapagliflozin in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction","volume":"381","author":"McMurray","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026012114232460100_ehf213910-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2022190","article-title":"Cardiovascular and renal outcomes with empagliflozin in heart failure","volume":"383","author":"Packer","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026012114232460100_ehf213910-bib-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2030183","article-title":"Sotagliflozin in patients with diabetes and recent worsening heart failure","volume":"384","author":"Bhatt","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["ESC Heart Failure"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ehf2.13910","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ehf2.13910","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eschf\/article-pdf\/9\/3\/1608\/65668787\/eschf_9_3_1608.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eschf\/article-pdf\/9\/3\/1608\/65668787\/eschf_9_3_1608.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T19:29:14Z","timestamp":1769023754000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eschf\/article\/9\/3\/1608\/8362419"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,23]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ehf2.13910","relation":{},"ISSN":["2055-5822"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2055-5822","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-11-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-03-11","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-03-23","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}