{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T11:25:54Z","timestamp":1791458754851,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1303,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]],"date-time":"2022-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One of the bothersome symptoms that heart failure (HF) patients can experience is thirst. There are limited data on the association between thirst and fluid intake and clinical variables. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe severe thirst in stable HF patients and assess factors related to severe thirst, including actual fluid intake and sodium intake.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study had a cross-sectional design. Stable HF patients from two HF clinics in the Netherlands were included and assessed thirst by a visual analogue scale ranging from 0 to 100. They also completed questionnaires on thirst distress, self-care behaviour, and HF symptoms. A 3 day food diary was completed to assess actual fluid intake and sodium intake. Finally, patients collected urine for 24 h. Patients were divided into severe and low thirst based on thirst score and thirst distress. T-tests, Mann\u2013Whitney tests, and \u03c72 tests were conducted to assess differences between both groups. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to assess factors associated with severe thirst. A total of 100 patients were included (40% female, mean age 72 \u00b1 12) of which 68 completed the food diary. The mean thirst score was 28 \u00b1 25, and 25% experienced severe thirst. The majority of patients (94%) were prescribed a fluid restriction, 37% had a restriction between 1500 and 2000 mL, and 32% a restriction of 1500 mL. Severe thirst in the total group with 100 patients was associated with a higher dose of loop diuretics [odds ratio (OR) 3.25; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01\u201310.45; P = 0.048] and a higher urine output over 24 h (OR 1.002; 95% CI 1.00\u20131.003; P = 0.010). In the group of patients who completed the food diary (N = 68), severe thirst was associated with a higher sodium intake (OR 1.002; 95% CI 1.001\u20131.003; P = 0.003), a higher dose of loop diuretics (OR 22.69; 95% CI 2.78\u2013185.04; P = 0.004), and more fatigue (OR 11.2; 95% CI 1.54\u201382.12; P = 0.017).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A quarter of all stable HF patients experienced severe thirst. A higher dose of loop diuretics was associated with more thirst; therefore, it might be important to review the dose of loop diuretics critically and try to decrease it in order to relieve severe thirst. Because all patients were prescribed a fluid restriction, a reconsideration of this restriction is also suggested.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.13960","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]],"date-time":"2022-05-12T04:18:00Z","timestamp":1652329080000},"page":"2181-2188","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Thirst in Stable Heart Failure Patients; Time to Reconsider Fluid Restriction and Prescribed Diuretics"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Martje H.L.","family":"van der Wal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linkoping University , Linkoping ,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen ,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiny","family":"Jaarsma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linkoping University , Linkoping ,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lieset C.","family":"Jenneboer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bureau HHM , Enschede ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerard C.M.","family":"Linssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Hospital Group Twente (Almelo and Hengelo) , Almelo ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012114144022600_ehf213960-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw128","article-title":"ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: the task force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). 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