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In the course of disease progression and increasing afterload, the right ventricle undergoes adaptive remodelling to maintain right-sided cardiac output by increasing contractility. Exhaustion of compensatory RV remodelling (RV\u2013PA uncoupling) finally leads to maladaptation and increase of cardiac volumes, resulting in heart failure. The gold-standard measurement of RV\u2013PA coupling is the ratio of contractility [end-systolic elastance (Ees)] to afterload [arterial elastance (Ea)] derived from RV pressure\u2013volume loops obtained by conductance catheterization. The optimal Ees\/Ea ratio is between 1.5 and 2.0. RV\u2013PA coupling in pulmonary hypertension has considerable reserve; the Ees\/Ea threshold at which uncoupling occurs is estimated to be ~0.7. As RV conductance catheterization is invasive, complex, and not widely available, multiple non-invasive echocardiographic surrogates for Ees\/Ea have been investigated. One of the first described and best validated surrogates is the ratio of tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion to estimated pulmonary arterial systolic pressure (TAPSE\/PASP), which has shown prognostic relevance in left-sided heart failure and precapillary pulmonary hypertension. Other RV\u2013PA coupling surrogates have been formed by replacing TAPSE with different echocardiographic measures of RV contractility, such as peak systolic tissue velocity of the lateral tricuspid annulus (S\u2032), RV fractional area change, speckle tracking-based RV free wall longitudinal strain and global longitudinal strain, and three-dimensional RV ejection fraction. PASP-independent surrogates have also been studied, including the ratios S\u2032\/RV end-systolic area index, RV area change\/RV end-systolic area, and stroke volume\/end-systolic volume. Limitations of these non-invasive surrogates include the influence of severe tricuspid regurgitation (which can cause distortion of longitudinal measurements and underestimation of PASP) and the angle dependence of TAPSE and PASP. Detection of early RV remodelling may require isolated analysis of single components of RV shortening along the radial and anteroposterior axes as well as the longitudinal axis. Multiple non-invasive methods may need to be applied depending on the level of RV dysfunction. This review explains the mechanisms of RV (mal)adaptation to its load, describes the invasive assessment of RV\u2013PA coupling, and provides an overview of studies of non-invasive surrogate parameters, highlighting recently published works in this field. Further large-scale prospective studies including gold-standard validation are needed, as most studies to date had a retrospective, single-centre design with a small number of participants, and validation against gold-standard Ees\/Ea was rarely performed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.14233","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T08:17:53Z","timestamp":1669277873000},"page":"762-775","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":114,"title":["Adaptive Versus Maladaptive Right Ventricular Remodelling"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Zvonimir A.","family":"Rako","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL) , Klinikstrasse 33, 35392, Giessen ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nils","family":"Kremer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL) , Klinikstrasse 33, 35392, Giessen ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Athiththan","family":"Yogeswaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL) , Klinikstrasse 33, 35392, Giessen ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel J.","family":"Richter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL) , Klinikstrasse 33, 35392, Giessen ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khodr","family":"Tello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL) , Klinikstrasse 33, 35392, Giessen ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012114115194800_ehf214233-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201806-1160ST","article-title":"Assessment of right ventricular function in the research setting: knowledge gaps and pathways forward. 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