{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T12:00:15Z","timestamp":1784721615481,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]],"date-time":"2026-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":856,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]],"date-time":"2023-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693440000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Climbing Plan of Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital","award":["DFJH2020022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DFJH2020022"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease","award":["2020B111117011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020B111117011"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention","award":["2017B030314041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017B030314041"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Gender differences in heart failure (HF), ranging from epidemiological and pathophysiological factors to therapeutic response and prognosis, have been well documented in Western countries, especially in Europe and North America. The above gender differences in HF found in Westerners are rarely investigated in Asians. In this review, we explore the worrying knowledge gap on the gender differences in HF that existed in Asia in contrast with Western populations based on the following four aspects: epidemiology, risk factors, therapy, and prognosis. Finally, we conclude that investigations of gender differences in HF in Asia lag behind those in Europe and North America. Future work is required to establish and better use the high-level, population-based cohorts and develop our own high-quality, convincing clinical trials to deliver robust gender-specific conclusions in Asia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.14501","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]],"date-time":"2023-08-31T18:44:46Z","timestamp":1693507486000},"page":"2797-2806","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Lagging Behind the Western Countries: The Knowledge Gaps of Gender Differences in Heart Failure in Asia"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2206-8439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weida","family":"Qiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Hypertension Research Laboratory, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University , No. 106, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510080 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anping","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Hypertension Research Laboratory, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University , No. 106, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510080 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liwen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Hypertension Research Laboratory, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University , No. 106, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510080 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingqing","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Hypertension Research Laboratory, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University , No. 106, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510080 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3859","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz835","article-title":"Sex differences in heart failure","volume":"40","author":"Lam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwaa147","article-title":"Burden of heart failure and underlying causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017","volume":"28","author":"Bragazzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1858","article-title":"Epidemiology of heart failure","volume":"22","author":"Groenewegen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1585","article-title":"Heart failure around the world","volume":"21","author":"Tromp","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.2174\/1573403x11309020004","article-title":"Heart failure in East Asia","volume":"9","author":"Guo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Cardiol Rev"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e139","DOI":"10.1161\/cir.0000000000000757","article-title":"Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics\u20142020 update: A report from the American Heart Association","volume":"141","author":"Virani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-022972","article-title":"Burden of heart failure in Flemish general practices: A registry-based study in the Intego database","volume":"9","author":"Smeets","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-017-1137-7","article-title":"Epidemiology of heart failure in Germany: A retrospective database study","volume":"106","author":"St\u00f6rk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Res Cardiol"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/s1388-9842(02)00034-x","article-title":"Prevalence of chronic heart failure in Southwestern Europe: The EPICA study","volume":"4","author":"Ceia","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2015.0924","article-title":"A contemporary appraisal of the heart failure epidemic in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 2000 to 2010","volume":"175","author":"Gerber","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2019.03.011","article-title":"Sex-based differences in heart failure across the ejection fraction spectrum: Phenotyping, and prognostic and therapeutic implications","volume":"7","author":"Stolfo","year":"2019","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circheartfailure.115.003116","article-title":"Predicting heart failure with preserved and reduced ejection fraction: The international collaboration on heart failure subtypes","volume":"9","author":"Ho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.117.027551","article-title":"Trends in hospitalizations and survival of acute decompensated heart failure in four US communities (2005\u20132014): ARIC study community surveillance","volume":"138","author":"Chang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejheart.2006.06.007","article-title":"Recent changes in heart failure hospitalisations in Australia","volume":"9","author":"Najafi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2021-319853","article-title":"Contrasting trends in heart failure incidence in younger and older New Zealanders, 2006\u20132018","volume":"108","author":"Chan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.319","article-title":"Heart failure as a general pandemic in Asia","volume":"17","author":"Shimokawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1629","article-title":"Prevalence of heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction in China: The China Hypertension Survey, 2012\u20132015","volume":"21","author":"Hao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2048","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2654","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and 1-year outcomes in hospitalized patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: Results from the China Cardiovascular Association Database-Heart Failure Center Registry","volume":"24","author":"Cai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.72.489","article-title":"Impending epidemic: Future projection of heart failure in Japan to the year 2055","volume":"72","author":"Okura","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circ J"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3068","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.0000039105.49749.6f","article-title":"Lifetime risk for developing congestive heart failure: The Framingham Heart Study","volume":"106","author":"Lloyd-Jones","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehj.2004.06.038","article-title":"Quantifying the heart failure epidemic: Prevalence, incidence rate, lifetime risk and prognosis of heart failure: The Rotterdam Study","volume":"25","author":"Bleumink","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.01.022","article-title":"Lifetime risk for heart failure among white and black Americans: Cardiovascular lifetime risk pooling project","volume":"61","author":"Huffman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.117.031622","article-title":"Sex and race differences in lifetime risk of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction","volume":"137","author":"Pandey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2022.07.012","article-title":"Prevalence, incidence, lifetime risks, and outcomes of heart failure in Asia: A nationwide report","author":"Hung","year":"2022","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1311890","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk and events in 17 low-, middle-, and high-income countries","volume":"371","author":"Yusuf","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(74)90089-7","article-title":"Role of diabetes in congestive heart failure: The Framingham study","volume":"34","author":"Kannel","year":"1974","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1161\/circheartfailure.115.002883","article-title":"Risk factors for incident hospitalized heart failure with preserved versus reduced ejection fraction in a multiracial cohort of postmenopausal women","volume":"9","author":"Eaton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2018.05.018","article-title":"The association of obesity and cardiometabolic traits with incident HFpEF and HFrEF","volume":"6","author":"Savji","year":"2018","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-4926-x","article-title":"Diabetes as a risk factor for heart failure in women and men: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 47 cohorts including 12 million individuals","volume":"62","author":"Ohkuma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2563","article-title":"Sex and central obesity in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"24","author":"Sorimachi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1358","article-title":"Impact of diabetes and sex in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction patients from the ASIAN-HF registry","volume":"21","author":"Chandramouli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.2022113","article-title":"Interaction of sex and diabetes in Asian patients with heart failure with mildly reduced left ventricular ejection fraction","volume":"51","author":"Tay","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Acad Med Singapore"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03530440037034","article-title":"The progression from hypertension to congestive heart failure","volume":"275","author":"Levy","year":"1996","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(93)90678-6","article-title":"Sex differences in cardiac adaptation to isolated systolic hypertension","volume":"72","author":"Krumholz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a059434","article-title":"Sex differences in cardiac adaptation to essential hypertension","volume":"10","author":"Garavaglia","year":"1989","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jhh.1000689","article-title":"Gender specific differences in left ventricular adaptation to obesity and hypertension","volume":"12","author":"Kuch","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfr168","article-title":"Heart failure and socioeconomic status: Accumulating evidence of inequality","volume":"14","author":"Hawkins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2018.11.005","article-title":"Income inequality and outcomes in heart failure: A global between-country analysis","volume":"7","author":"Dewan","year":"2019","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2021.09.012","article-title":"The association between socioeconomic status, sex, race\/ethnicity and in-hospital mortality among patients hospitalized for heart failure","volume":"28","author":"Averbuch","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2019-314878","article-title":"Sex differences in the association of risk factors for heart failure incidence and mortality","volume":"106","author":"Sillars","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heart (British Cardiac Society)"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.161.7.996","article-title":"Risk factors for congestive heart failure in US men and women: NHANES I epidemiologic follow-up study","volume":"161","author":"He","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-10442-3","article-title":"Sex differences in factors associated with heart failure and diastolic left ventricular dysfunction: A cross-sectional population-based study","volume":"21","author":"the PREDICTOR Study Group","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2238","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2019.9873","article-title":"Bioinformatics analysis of sex differences in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2018.10.091","article-title":"Sex-related differences in cardiomyopathies","volume":"286","author":"Pelliccia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1505517","article-title":"Shared genetic predisposition in peripartum and dilated cardiomyopathies","volume":"374","author":"Ware","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2689","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1512595","article-title":"Takotsubo (stress) cardiomyopathy","volume":"373","author":"Templin","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyab236","article-title":"Importance of healthy lifestyle factors and ideal cardiovascular health metrics for risk of heart failure in Chinese adults","volume":"51","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.19070\/2167-910x-1600035","article-title":"Gender based dosing of metoprolol in the elderly using population pharmacokinetic modeling and simulations","volume":"5","author":"Eugene","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200948030-00001","article-title":"Sex differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics","volume":"48","author":"Soldin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2021.107891","article-title":"Sex-related differences in the pharmacological treatment of heart failure","volume":"229","author":"Tamargo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1056\/nejm198706043162301","article-title":"Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure. Results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS)","volume":"316","author":"CONSENSUS Trial Study Group","year":"1987","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2312","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.100.23.2312","article-title":"Comparative effects of low and high doses of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, lisinopril, on morbidity and mortality in chronic heart failure","volume":"100","author":"Packer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0053","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(19)31792-1","article-title":"Identifying optimal doses of heart failure medications in men compared with women: A prospective, observational, cohort study","volume":"394","author":"Santema","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.10.1295","article-title":"Effects of controlled-release metoprolol on total mortality, hospitalizations, and well-being in patients with heart failure: The Metoprolol CR\/XL Randomized Intervention Trial in congestive heart failure (MERIT-HF)","volume":"283","author":"Hjalmarson","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1840","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(09)61913-9","article-title":"Effects of high-dose versus low-dose losartan on clinical outcomes in patients with heart failure (HEAAL study): A randomised, double-blind trial","volume":"374","author":"Konstam","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0056","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2019.01.003","article-title":"Sex differences in outcomes and responses to spironolactone in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: A secondary analysis of TOPCAT trial","volume":"7","author":"Merrill","year":"2019","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.119.044491","article-title":"Effects of sacubitril-valsartan versus valsartan in women compared with men with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction: Insights from PARAGON-HF","volume":"141","author":"McMurray","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2206286","article-title":"Dapagliflozin in heart failure with mildly reduced or preserved ejection fraction","volume":"387","author":"Solomon","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0059","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2107038","article-title":"Empagliflozin in heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction","volume":"385","author":"Anker","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0060","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2016.01.013","article-title":"Heart failure clinical trials in East and Southeast Asia","volume":"4","author":"Mentz","year":"2016","journal-title":"JACC: Heart Failure"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1056\/nejm199108013250501","article-title":"Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure","volume":"325","author":"Yusuf","year":"1991","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(03)14282-1","article-title":"Effects of candesartan on mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic heart failure: The CHARM-Overall programme","volume":"362","author":"Pfeffer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-9842(00)00130-6","article-title":"Baseline demographics of the Valsartan Heart Failure Trial","volume":"2","author":"Cohn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0064","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1056\/nejm199909023411001","article-title":"The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure","volume":"341","author":"Pitt","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0065","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1009492","article-title":"Eplerenone in patients with systolic heart failure and mild symptoms","volume":"364","author":"Zannad","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0066","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1409077","article-title":"Angiotensin-neprilysin inhibition versus enalapril in heart failure","volume":"371","author":"McMurray","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0067","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1548","article-title":"The Dapagliflozin And Prevention of Adverse-outcomes in Heart Failure (DAPA-HF) trial: Baseline characteristics","volume":"21","author":"McMurray","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2022190","article-title":"Cardiovascular and renal outcomes with empagliflozin in heart failure","volume":"383","author":"Packer","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0069","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.118.004962","article-title":"Baseline characteristics of patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction in the PARAGON-HF trial","volume":"11","author":"Solomon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0070","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1313731","article-title":"Spironolactone for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"370","author":"Pitt","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0071","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2456","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0805450","article-title":"Irbesartan in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction","volume":"359","author":"Massie","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(03)14285-7","article-title":"Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and preserved left-ventricular ejection fraction: The CHARM-Preserved trial","volume":"362","author":"Yusuf","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0073","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2338","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehl250","article-title":"The perindopril in elderly people with chronic heart failure (PEP-CHF) study","volume":"27","author":"Cleland","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0074","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2021.11.006","article-title":"Baseline characteristics of patients with HF with mildly reduced and preserved ejection fraction: DELIVER trial","volume":"10","author":"Solomon","year":"2022","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0075","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043399","article-title":"Amiodarone or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for congestive heart failure","volume":"352","author":"Bardy","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0076","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2481","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa041489","article-title":"Prophylactic use of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator after acute myocardial infarction","volume":"351","author":"Hohnloser","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0077","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa013474","article-title":"Prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction","volume":"346","author":"Moss","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0078","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2010.03.042","article-title":"Gender differences in clinical outcome and primary prevention defibrillator benefit in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Santangeli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2009.255","article-title":"Effectiveness of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators for the primary prevention of sudden cardiac death in women with advanced heart failure: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"169","author":"Ghanbari","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0080","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.06.061","article-title":"Cardiac resynchronization therapy is more effective in women than in men: The MADIT-CRT (Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial with Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy) trial","volume":"57","author":"Arshad","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0081","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0906431","article-title":"Cardiac-resynchronization therapy for the prevention of heart-failure events","volume":"361","author":"Moss","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0082","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa050496","article-title":"The effect of cardiac resynchronization on morbidity and mortality in heart failure","volume":"352","author":"Cleland","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0083","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circoutcomes.116.003651","article-title":"Disparity between indications for and utilization of implantable cardioverter defibrillators in Asian patients with heart failure","volume":"10","author":"Chia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0084","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.09.081","article-title":"Differential impact of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction on men and women","volume":"73","author":"Dewan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0085","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2018.04.102","article-title":"Patient reported outcome in HFpEF: Sex-specific differences in quality of life and association with outcome","volume":"267","author":"Fax\u00e9n","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0086","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejheart.2006.10.012","article-title":"Characterization of health-related quality of life in heart failure patients with preserved versus low ejection fraction in CHARM","volume":"9","author":"Lewis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0087","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa020265","article-title":"Long-term trends in the incidence of and survival with heart failure","volume":"347","author":"Levy","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0088","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1161\/circheartfailure.112.970061","article-title":"Sex differences in clinical characteristics and outcomes in elderly patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction: The Irbesartan in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (I-PRESERVE) trial","volume":"5","author":"Lam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0089","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3111","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.106.673442","article-title":"Sex differences in clinical characteristics and prognosis in a broad spectrum of patients with heart failure: Results of the Candesartan in Heart failure: Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and morbidity (CHARM) program","volume":"115","author":"O'Meara","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.116.003330","article-title":"Sex- and race-related differences in characteristics and outcomes of hospitalizations for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"6","author":"Goyal","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0091","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2030","article-title":"Frequency, trends and institutional variation in 30-day all-cause mortality and unplanned readmissions following hospitalisation for heart failure in Australia and New Zealand","volume":"23","author":"Labrosciano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2595","article-title":"Long-term survival and life expectancy following an acute heart failure hospitalization in Australia and New Zealand","volume":"24","author":"Hariharaputhiran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0093","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa071","article-title":"The association of long-term outcome and biological sex in patients with acute heart failure from different geographic regions","volume":"41","author":"Motiej\u016bnait\u0117","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0094","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1348","article-title":"Defining a \u2018frequent admitter\u2019 phenotype among patients with repeat heart failure admissions","volume":"21","author":"Go","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012113215111700_ehf214501-bib-0095","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.71.1013","article-title":"Characterization of outpatients with isolated diastolic dysfunction and evaluation of the burden in a Japanese community: Sado Heart Failure Study","volume":"71","author":"Okura","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circ J"}],"container-title":["ESC Heart Failure"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eschf\/article-pdf\/10\/5\/2797\/66227929\/eschf_10_5_2797.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eschf\/article-pdf\/10\/5\/2797\/66227929\/eschf_10_5_2797.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T18:26:42Z","timestamp":1769020002000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eschf\/article\/10\/5\/2797\/8284430"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ehf2.14501","relation":{},"ISSN":["2055-5822"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2055-5822","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-02-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-07-24","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-08-31","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}