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Patients hospitalized due to worsening of CHF or COPD were eligible for the study. Randomization was based on a computer-generated list, stratified for age \u2265 75 and diagnosis. At a 6 month follow-up, 118 persons remained in a control group and 103 in an intervention group. The intervention group received person-centred care by phone as an addition to usual care. Trial data were linked to register data on healthcare and drug use. Group-based trajectory modelling was applied to identify trajectories for general self-efficacy and direct costs. Next, associations between self-efficacy trajectories and costs were assessed using regression analysis. Five trajectories were identified for general self-efficacy, of which three indicated different levels of increasing or stable self-efficacy, while two showed a decrease over time in self-efficacy. Three trajectories were identified for costs, indicating a gradient from lower to higher accumulated costs. Increasing or stable self-efficacy was associated with lower direct costs (P = 0.0013).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings show that an increased or sustained self-efficacy is associated with lower direct costs in patients with CHF or COPD. Person-centred phone contacts used as an add-on to usual care could result in lower direct costs for those with stable or increasing self-efficacy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.14574","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,8]],"date-time":"2023-11-08T19:14:11Z","timestamp":1699470851000},"page":"219-228","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Self-Efficacy and Healthcare Costs in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0779-2552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elin","family":"Blanck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health and Care Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Box 457, SE-405 30, Gothenburg ,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"University of Gothenburg Centre for Person-Centred 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,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inger","family":"Ekman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health and Care Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Box 457, SE-405 30, Gothenburg ,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"University of Gothenburg Centre for Person-Centred Care (GPCC), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg ,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Geriatrics and Emergency Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital\/\u00d6stra , Gothenburg ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilas","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health and Care Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Box 457, SE-405 30, Gothenburg ,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"University of Gothenburg Centre for Person-Centred Care (GPCC), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl","family":"Swedberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Gothenburg Centre for Person-Centred Care (GPCC), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg ,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy , Gothenburg ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Gyllensten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health and Care Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Box 457, SE-405 30, Gothenburg ,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"University of Gothenburg Centre for Person-Centred Care (GPCC), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg 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