{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T19:59:18Z","timestamp":1792007958601,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":412,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Heart failure is known as a health problem in the world due to its mortality and burdens on the health care system. Studies remain controversial about the effect of opium usage on systolic heart function. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare systolic left ventricular function in opium users with non-addict people by strain echocardiography and its association with serum apelin level.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This case\u2013control study was conducted in 2022 at Shafa Hospital in Kerman, Iran, on 50 opium users who referred to the addiction treatment centres and had no history of other substance usage. The addiction is defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) and a history of opium consumption for at least 3 years. Fifty healthy people (non-opium users) who were matched in terms of age and sex were enrolled as a control group. Demographic information of the participants, including age, gender and amount of opium usage, was recorded by questionnaire. Citrated blood samples were taken from all participants in the study, and serum apelin was measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. They underwent transthoracic echocardiography by an expert cardiologist using the same device (Philips Affiniti 50). Echocardiographic systolic parameters have been recorded and compared between the two groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, 100 participants, including 50 opium users and 50 non-opium users (as a control group), were investigated. The mean age was 36.4 \u00b1 5.08 in the opium users\u2019 group and 34.14 \u00b1 7.2 in the control group. As both groups were matched, there were 8 (16%) women and 42 (84%) men in each of the two groups. The mean amount of ejection fraction (EF) and global longitudinal strain (GLS) were significantly lower in opium users than in the control group (P &amp;lt; 0.001). The results also demonstrated that the serum level of apelin in the addicted persons was lower when compared with the non-addicted persons (3.4 vs. 9.7; P &amp;lt; 0.001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Evaluation of systolic left ventricular function in opium users by strain echocardiography showed that opium affects the systolic function of the heart, as observed by a significant reduction in EF and GLS. So opium usage can be considered a risk factor for heart failure and needs more attention in preventive cardiology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.14843","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T07:48:45Z","timestamp":1724917725000},"page":"4308-4313","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Evaluation of Left Ventricular Systolic Function in Opium Users by Strain Echocardiography"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Khadije","family":"Mohammadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences , Kerman ,","place":["Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shirin","family":"Habibi-Khorasani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran ,","place":["Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamidreza","family":"Nasri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences , Kerman ,","place":["Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimia Karimi","family":"Toudeshki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran ,","place":["Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marzieh","family":"Mirtajaddini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran ,","place":["Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nazanin","family":"Davari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences , Kerman ,","place":["Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012113124611200_ehf214843-bib-0001","first-page":"154","article-title":"Opium decreases the age at myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death: A long- and short-term outcome evaluation","volume":"16","author":"Roohafza","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch Iran Med"},{"key":"2026012113124611200_ehf214843-bib-0002","first-page":"105","article-title":"Economic and social factors affecting addiction in Iran","volume":"20","author":"Dargahi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Econ Sci"},{"key":"2026012113124611200_ehf214843-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s13011-020-00272-8","article-title":"The effects of opium on the cardiovascular system: A review of side effects, uses, and potential mechanisms","volume":"15","author":"Nakhaee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy"},{"key":"2026012113124611200_ehf214843-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12915","article-title":"Cardiac effects of opioid therapy","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2026012113124611200_ehf214843-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1159\/000492616","article-title":"Opioids and cardiac arrhythmia: A literature review","volume":"27","author":"Behzadi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med Princ Pract"},{"key":"2026012113124611200_ehf214843-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00557","article-title":"The role of apelin in cardiovascular diseases, obesity and cancer","volume":"9","author":"Wysocka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"2026012113124611200_ehf214843-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-015-0635-5","article-title":"Serum apelin is associated with left ventricular hypertrophy in untreated hypertension patients","volume":"13","author":"Ye","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"2026012113124611200_ehf214843-bib-0008","first-page":"6","article-title":"Opium addiction is associated with increased damage to cardiomyocytes: Protective roles played by apelins","volume":"21","author":"Tavanai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Iran Hear J"},{"key":"2026012113124611200_ehf214843-bib-0009","first-page":"108","volume-title":"Feigenbaum echocardiography","author":"Armstrong","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026012113124611200_ehf214843-bib-0010","volume-title":"Evaluation of prolong effect of opium on cardiac function in coronary artery bypass graft","author":"Kiani","year":"2007"},{"key":"2026012113124611200_ehf214843-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1681.12860","article-title":"Opioid receptors mediate inotropic and depressor effects of apelin in rats with 2K1C-induced chronic renovascular hypertension","volume":"45","author":"Rostamzadeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol"},{"key":"2026012113124611200_ehf214843-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2001.6230","article-title":"Apelin (65\u201377) activates extracellular signal-regulated kinases via PTX-sensitive G protein","volume":"290","author":"Masri","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"}],"container-title":["ESC Heart 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