{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T23:26:51Z","timestamp":1781047611617,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":494,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,8]],"date-time":"2024-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Heart failure (HF) and malnutrition exhibit overlapping risk factors, characterized by increased levels of natriuretic peptides and an inflammatory profile. The aim of this study was to compare the differences in plasma brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), N-terminal-pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), and C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients with HF and malnutrition versus normal nutrition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From inception until July 2023, the databases, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library were searched. To examine the association among malnutrition [controlling nutritional status (CONUT) score \u22652; Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI) score &amp;lt;92] with BNP, NT-proBNP and CRP in patients with HF, a meta-analysis using a random-effects model was conducted (CRD42023445076).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A significant association of GNRI with increased levels of BNP were demonstrated [mean difference (MD): 204.99, 95% confidence interval (CI) (101.02, 308.96, I2 = 88%, P &amp;lt; 0.01)], albeit no statistically significant findings were shown using CONUT [MD: 158.51, 95% CI (\u22121.78 to 318.79, I2 = 92%, P = 0.05)]. GNRI [MD: 1885.14, 95% CI (1428.76\u20132341.52, I2 = 0%, P &amp;lt; 0.01)] and CONUT [MD: 1160.05, 95% CI (701.04\u20131619.07, I2 = 0%, P &amp;lt; 0.01)] were associated with significantly higher levels of NT-proBNP. Patients with normal GNRI scores had significantly lower levels of CRP [MD: 0.50, 95% CI (0.12\u20130.88, I2 = 87%, P = 0.01)] whereas significantly higher levels of CRP were observed in those with higher CONUT [MD: 0.40, 95% CI (0.08\u20130.72, I2 = 88%, P = 0.01)]. Employing meta-regression, age was deemed a potential moderator between CRP and GNRI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Normal nutrition scores in patients with HF are linked to lower BNP, NT-proBNP, and CRP levels compared with malnourished counterparts. Despite the significant link between CRP and malnutrition, their relationship may be influenced in older groups considering the sensitivity of GNRI due to ageing factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.14851","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,8]],"date-time":"2024-06-08T05:40:24Z","timestamp":1717825224000},"page":"3052-3064","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Natriuretic Peptides and C-Reactive Protein in in Heart Failure and Malnutrition: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Prokopidis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool , Liverpool ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool, Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital , Liverpool ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9699-1686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Irlik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool, Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital , Liverpool ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Students' Scientific Association by the Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetology and Nephrology in Zabrze, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia , Katowice ,","place":["Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hironori","family":"Ishiguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool, Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital , Liverpool ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine , Ube ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Willemina","family":"Rietsema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust , Oxford ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory Y.H.","family":"Lip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool, Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital , Liverpool ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University , Aalborg ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajiv","family":"Sankaranarayanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool, Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital , Liverpool ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , Liverpool ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research , London ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masoud","family":"Isanejad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool , Liverpool ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool, Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital , Liverpool ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Nabrdalik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool, Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital , Liverpool ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia , Katowice ,","place":["Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.10-6-624","article-title":"Malnutrition: causes and consequences","volume":"10","author":"Saunders","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Med"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1054\/clnu.1999.0121","article-title":"Prevalence of malnutrition on admission to four hospitals in England","volume":"19","author":"Edington","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2011.11.001","article-title":"Malnutrition and its impact on cost of hospitalization, length of stay, readmission and 3-year mortality","volume":"31","author":"Lim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/66.5.1232","article-title":"Prevalence of malnutrition in nonsurgical hospitalized patients and its association with disease complications","volume":"66","author":"Naber","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-016-9540-0","article-title":"Review of nutritional screening and assessment tools and clinical outcomes in heart failure","volume":"21","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Heart Fail Rev"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-019-09793-2","article-title":"Clinical significance of nutritional status in patients with chronic heart failure\u2014a systematic review","volume":"24","author":"Wawrze\u0144czyk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heart Fail Rev"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2018.02.018","article-title":"Prevalence and prognostic significance of malnutrition using 3 scoring systems among outpatients with heart failure: a comparison with body mass index","volume":"6","author":"Sze","year":"2018","journal-title":"JACC: Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0008","article-title":"The Controlling Nutritional Status Score and clinical outcomes in patients with heart failure: pool analysis of observational studies","volume":"9","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-020-01656-3","article-title":"Prognostic value of geriatric nutritional risk index in elderly patients with heart failure: a meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/82.4.777","article-title":"Geriatric nutritional risk index: a new index for evaluating at-risk elderly medical patients","volume":"82","author":"Bouillanne","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0011","first-page":"38","article-title":"CONUT: a tool for controlling nutritional status. First validation in a hospital population","volume":"20","author":"De Ul\u00edbarri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nutricion Hospitalaria"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.15420\/cfr.2018.26.1","article-title":"Natriuretic peptides in chronic heart failure","volume":"5","author":"Brunner-La Rocca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Card Fail Rev"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvz198","article-title":"High-sensitivity C-reactive protein in chronic heart failure: patient characteristics, phenotypes, and mode of death","volume":"116","author":"Pellicori","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0014","first-page":"372","article-title":"PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0015","first-page":"1","article-title":"Methodological quality (risk of bias) assessment tools for primary and secondary medical studies: what are they and which is better?","volume":"7","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mil Med Res"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0016","volume-title":"GRADE Handbook for Grading Quality of Evidence and Strength of Recommendations","author":"Sch\u00fcnemann","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-5-13","article-title":"Estimating the mean and variance from the median, range, and the size of a sample","volume":"5","author":"Hozo","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","article-title":"Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses","volume":"327","author":"Higgins","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0019","article-title":"Updated guidance for trusted systematic reviews: a new edition of the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions","volume":"2019","author":"Cumpston","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochr Datab Syst Rev"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.12.001","article-title":"Mini Nutritional Assessment is a better predictor of mortality than subjective global assessment in heart failure out-patients","volume":"38","author":"Joaqu\u00edn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-013-0030-y","article-title":"Nutritional status of geriatric outpatients with systolic heart failure and its prognostic value regarding death or hospitalization, biomarkers and quality of life","volume":"17","author":"Sargento","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1177\/0884533612457948","article-title":"Nutrition assessment in advanced heart failure patients evaluated for ventricular assist devices or cardiac transplantation","volume":"28","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr Clin Pract"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.recesp.2011.03.009","article-title":"Impact of malnutrition on long-term mortality in hospitalized patients with heart failure","volume":"64","author":"Bonilla-Palomas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev Espa\u00f1ola Cardiol (English Edition)"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5963","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10245963","article-title":"A simple risk score based on routine clinical parameters can predict frailty in hospitalized heart failure patients","volume":"10","author":"Ka\u0142u\u017cna-Oleksy","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-020-01774-y","article-title":"Energy intake during hospital stay predicts all-cause mortality after discharge independently of nutritional status in elderly heart failure patients","volume":"110","author":"Katano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Res Cardiol"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1111\/1747-0080.12465","article-title":"Risk of malnutrition is associated with poor physical function in patients undergoing cardiac rehabilitation following heart failure","volume":"76","author":"Matsuo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr Diet"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2019.12.007","article-title":"Nutritional status is associated with physical function and disability in older adults with chronic heart failure","volume":"74","author":"Lelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1097\/MAT.0000000000000625","article-title":"Preoperative nutritional assessment with the prognostic nutrition index in patients undergoing left ventricular assist device implantation","volume":"64","author":"Yost","year":"2018","journal-title":"ASAIO J"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.116.004876","article-title":"Prognostic nutritional index and the risk of mortality in patients with acute heart failure","volume":"6","author":"Cheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2479","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12812","article-title":"Prognostic nutritional index in elderly patients hospitalized for acute heart failure","volume":"7","author":"Candeloro","year":"2020","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1111\/pace.14170","article-title":"Prognostic nutritional index as the predictor of long-term mortality among HFrEF patients with ICD","volume":"44","author":"\u00c7inier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pacing Clin Electrophysiol"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-017-1082-5","article-title":"Prognostic value of simple frailty and malnutrition screening tools in patients with acute heart failure due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction","volume":"106","author":"Sze","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Res Cardiol"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2608","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11112608","article-title":"Association between the prognostic nutritional index and dietary intake in community-dwelling older adults with heart failure: findings from NHANES III","volume":"11","author":"Sattler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2018.01.012","article-title":"Relationship between the prognostic nutritional index and long-term clinical outcomes in patients with stable coronary artery disease","volume":"72","author":"Wada","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rec.2018.05.029","article-title":"Prognostic value of the nutritional risk index in candidates for continuous flow left ventricular assist device therapy","volume":"72","author":"Uribarri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev Espa\u00f1ola Cardiol (English Edition)"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.12513","article-title":"Association of nutritional risk index with metabolic biomarkers, appetite-regulatory hormones and inflammatory biomarkers and outcome in patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"68","author":"Gouya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2011.12.026","article-title":"Predicting outcome in patients with left ventricular systolic chronic heart failure using a nutritional risk index","volume":"109","author":"Al-Najjar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0209088","article-title":"Nutritional risk index as a predictor of mortality in acutely decompensated heart failure","volume":"13","author":"Cho","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0039","first-page":"269","article-title":"Malnutrition affects the outcomes of patients with low-output heart failure and congestion","volume":"37","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Cardiol Sin"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.10.008","article-title":"Lipid paradox in patients with acute myocardial infarction: potential impact of malnutrition","volume":"38","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.31526","article-title":"Nutritional status is associated with inflammation and predicts a poor outcome in patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"23","author":"Nakagomi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Atheroscler Thromb"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2318","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.cj-13-0127","article-title":"Prognostic impact of nutritional status in asymptomatic patients with cardiac diseases\u2014a report from the CHART-2 study","volume":"77","author":"Nochioka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ J"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2017.11.006","article-title":"Hemodynamic correlates of nutritional indexes in heart failure","volume":"71","author":"Horiuchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-20985-z","article-title":"Association of malnutrition with renal dysfunction and clinical outcome in patients with heart failure","volume":"12","author":"Otaki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1007\/s00380-021-01814-1","article-title":"Dysphagia and malnutrition limit activities of daily living improvement in phase i cardiac rehabilitation: a prospective cohort study for acute phase heart failure patients","volume":"36","author":"Yokota","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heart Vessels"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3320","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-60404-9","article-title":"Association with controlling nutritional status (CONUT) score and in-hospital mortality and infection in acute heart failure","volume":"10","author":"Kato","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-023-03230-x","article-title":"Controlling Nutritional Status Score predicts 2-year outcomes in elderly patients admitted for acute heart failure","volume":"18","author":"Agnoletti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Intern Emerg Med"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.12.064","article-title":"Prognostic value of malnutrition assessed by Controlling Nutritional Status Score for long-term mortality in patients with acute heart failure","volume":"230","author":"Iwakami","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1097\/MEJ.0000000000000690","article-title":"Comparison of objective nutritional indexes for the prediction of in-hospital mortality among elderly patients with acute heart failure","volume":"27","author":"Alatas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Emerg Med"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqaa311","article-title":"The impact of malnutrition on short-term morbidity and mortality in ambulatory patients with heart failure","volume":"113","author":"Sze","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2013.05.007","article-title":"The prognostic importance of objective nutritional indexes in patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"62","author":"Narumi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4149\/BLL_2021_102","volume-title":"Potential role of the geriatric nutritional risk index as a novel risk factor for the development of non-valvular atrial fibrillation in patients with heart failure","author":"Kaplan","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0053","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2022.10.024","article-title":"Malnutrition in real-world patients hospitalized for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and its potential impact on generalizability of EMPEROR-Preserved trial","volume":"370","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-17-0255","article-title":"Geriatric nutritional risk index predicts cardiovascular events in patients at risk for heart failure","volume":"82","author":"Minamisawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ J"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2019.04.020","article-title":"Impact of malnutrition using geriatric nutritional risk index in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"7","author":"Minamisawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"JACC: Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0056","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2021.05.014","article-title":"Effect of heart failure and malnutrition, alone and in combination, on rehabilitation effectiveness in patients with hip fracture","volume":"44","author":"Tamamura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clinical Nutrition ESPEN"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2023.05.023","article-title":"Prognostic impacts of geriatric nutritional risk index in patients with ischemic heart failure after percutaneous coronary intervention","volume":"42","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1177\/1474515119864970","article-title":"Prognostic impact of malnutrition assessed using geriatric nutritional risk index in patients aged \u226580 years with heart failure","volume":"19","author":"Nakamura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12051891","article-title":"Geriatric nutritional risk index at hospital admission or discharge in patients with acute decompensated heart failure","volume":"12","author":"Ono","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4345","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14204345","article-title":"Change in nutritional status during hospitalization and prognosis in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"14","author":"Sunaga","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-017-1132-z","article-title":"Prognostic impact of nutritional status assessed by the Controlling Nutritional Status Score in patients with stable coronary artery disease undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention","volume":"106","author":"Wada","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Res Cardiol"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s00380-021-01922-y","article-title":"Prognostic impact of malnutrition in elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction","volume":"37","author":"Nakamura","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heart Vessels"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-021-02296-9","article-title":"Prognostic impact of malnutrition on cardiovascular events in coronary artery disease patients with myocardial damage","volume":"21","author":"Arikawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15040964","article-title":"Prognostic value of Cheyne\u2013Stokes respiration and nutritional status in acute decompensated heart failure","volume":"15","author":"Abulimiti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0065","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2016.09.009","article-title":"Additional predictive value of nutritional status in the prognostic assessment of heart failure patients","volume":"27","author":"la Rovere","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0066","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2096","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.13886","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of nutritional indicators in patients with heart failure","volume":"9","author":"Kinugasa","year":"2022","journal-title":"ESC Heart Failure"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0067","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1007\/s00380-017-1001-8","article-title":"Nutritional screening based on the controlling nutritional status (CONUT) score at the time of admission is useful for long-term prognostic prediction in patients with heart failure requiring hospitalization","volume":"32","author":"Nishi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Heart Vessels"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5372","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.13629","article-title":"Nutritional status during hospitalization is associated with the long-term prognosis of patients with heart failure","volume":"8","author":"Takada","year":"2021","journal-title":"ESC Heart Failure"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0069","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1536\/ihj.21-809","article-title":"A comparative study of three nutritional risk\/screening indices for predicting cardiac events and physical functioning among patients with acute heart failure","volume":"63","author":"Uemura","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int Heart J"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1007\/s00380-017-1034-z","article-title":"The prognostic impact of malnutrition in patients with severely decompensated acute heart failure, as assessed using the Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI) and Controlling Nutritional Status (CONUT) score","volume":"33","author":"Shirakabe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heart Vessels"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0071","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2020.06.066","article-title":"Prognostic value of malnutrition in patients with acute heart failure and its influence on the interpretation of markers of systemic venous congestion","volume":"157","author":"Rubio-Gracia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Clin (Barc)"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-023-02395-x","article-title":"Prognostic significance of controlling nutritional status in older adults with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a prospective comparative study with other objective nutritional indices","volume":"35","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/openhrt-2021-001740","article-title":"Prognostic importance of the Controlling Nutritional Status (CONUT) score in patients undergoing cardiac resynchronisation therapy","volume":"8","author":"Ikeya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Heart"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0074","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipej.2018.04.001","article-title":"Prognostic value of nutrition status in the response of cardiac resynchronization therapy","volume":"18","author":"Alvarez-Alvarez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0075","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.12.067","article-title":"Nutritional status is related to heart failure severity and hospital readmissions in acute heart failure","volume":"230","author":"Agra Bermejo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0076","article-title":"The clinical value of the Controlling Nutritional Status Score for predicting prognosis in systolic heart failure cases in the vulnerable phase","volume":"10","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.1045262","article-title":"Malnutrition and infection lead to poor prognosis and heavy financial burden of patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"9","author":"Jia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0078","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12405","article-title":"Geriatric nutritional risk index predicts all-cause deaths in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"6","author":"Nishi","year":"2019","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.01.014","article-title":"Prevalence and prognostic implications of malnutrition as defined by GLIM criteria in elderly patients with heart failure","volume":"40","author":"Hirose","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8318","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-12357-4","article-title":"Potential association with malnutrition and allocation of combination medical therapies in hospitalized heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction","volume":"12","author":"Kawakubo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0081","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.cj-12-1091","article-title":"Geriatric nutritional risk index predicts functional dependency and mortality in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"77","author":"Kinugasa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ J"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0082","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12743","article-title":"Prognostic impact of nutritional status and physical capacity in elderly patients with acute decompensated heart failure","volume":"7","author":"Yasumura","year":"2020","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0083","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2016.05.045","article-title":"Usefulness of geriatric nutritional risk index for assessing nutritional status and its prognostic impact in patients aged \u226565 years with acute heart failure","volume":"118","author":"Honda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9041169","article-title":"Impact of the geriatric nutritional risk index on in-hospital mortality and length of hospitalization in patients with acute decompensated heart failure with preserved or reduced ejection fraction","volume":"9","author":"Hirose","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0085","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12393","article-title":"Differences in nutritional status and activities of daily living and mobility in elderly hospitalized patients with heart failure","volume":"6","author":"Kitamura","year":"2019","journal-title":"ESC heart failure"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0086","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2018-313312","article-title":"Malnutrition, congestion and mortality in ambulatory patients with heart failure","volume":"105","author":"Sze","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0087","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2017.02.003","article-title":"Geriatric nutritional risk index as a nutritional and survival risk assessment tool in stable outpatients with systolic heart failure","volume":"27","author":"Sargento","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0088","article-title":"Reference ranges for NT-proBNP (N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide) and risk factors for higher NT-proBNP concentrations in a large general population cohort","volume":"15","author":"Welsh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circ: Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000009181","article-title":"NT-proBNP test with improved accuracy for the diagnosis of chronic heart failure","volume":"96","author":"Pan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-011-9249-z","article-title":"The paradox of low BNP levels in obesity","volume":"17","author":"Clerico","year":"2012","journal-title":"Heart Fail Rev"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0091","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.07.027","article-title":"Relevance of nutritional assessment and treatment to counteract cardiac cachexia and sarcopenia in chronic heart failure","volume":"40","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Pombo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0092","first-page":"e316","article-title":"Causes and outcomes of markedly elevated C-reactive protein levels","volume":"63","author":"Landry","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician"},{"key":"2026012113142151900_ehf214851-bib-0093","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1177\/00369330221122300","article-title":"Predicting prognosis of heart failure using common malnutrition assessment tools: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"67","author":"Ni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Scott Med J"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.15210","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]],"date-time":"2025-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736812800000}}],"container-title":["ESC Heart Failure"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eschf\/article-pdf\/11\/5\/3052\/64516136\/eschf_11_5_3052.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eschf\/article-pdf\/11\/5\/3052\/64516136\/eschf_11_5_3052.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T18:16:16Z","timestamp":1769019376000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eschf\/article\/11\/5\/3052\/8271211"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,8]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ehf2.14851","relation":{},"ISSN":["2055-5822"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2055-5822","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-12-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-04-24","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-06-08","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}