{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T17:14:35Z","timestamp":1787505275718,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":559,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]],"date-time":"2024-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Acute heart failure (AHF) classification and management are primarily based on lung congestion and\/or hypoperfusion. The quantification of the vascular and tissue lung damage is not standard practice though biomarkers of lung injury may play a relevant role in this context. Haemodynamic stress promotes alveolar and vascular derangement with loss of functional units, impaired lung capillary permeability and fluid swelling. This culminates in a remodelling process with activation of inflammatory and cytokines pathways. Four families of lung surfactant proteins (i.e., SP-A, SP-B, SP-C, and SP-D), essential for the membrane biology and integrity are released by alveolar type II pneumocites. With deregulation of fluid handling and gas exchange pathways, SPs become sensitive markers of lung injury. We report the pathobiology of lung damage; the pathophysiological and clinical implications of alveolar SPs along with the newest evidence for some classical HF biomarkers that have also shown to reflect a vascular and\/or a tissue lung-related activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.14982","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]],"date-time":"2024-08-09T02:36:36Z","timestamp":1723170996000},"page":"781-789","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Biomarkers of Lung Congestion and Injury in Acute Heart Failure"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Marco","family":"Guazzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science, University of Milano School of Medicine , Milan ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Division of Cardiology, San Paolo Hospital , Milan ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Novello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science, University of Milano School of Medicine , Milan ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Division of Cardiology, San Paolo Hospital , Milan ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Bursi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science, University of Milano School of Medicine , Milan ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Division of Cardiology, San Paolo Hospital , Milan ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Caretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science, University of Milano School of Medicine , Milan ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Division of Biochemistry , Milan ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noemi","family":"Furlotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science, University of Milano School of Medicine , Milan ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Division of Cardiology, San Paolo Hospital , Milan ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ross","family":"Arena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Science, University of Illinois Chicago , Chicago, Illinois ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Healthy Living for Pandemic Event Protection (HL \u2013 PIVOT) Network , Chicago, Illinois ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Argiento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University \u2018L Vanvitelli\u2019-Monaldi Hospital , Naples ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julio","family":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario, Universidda de Valencia, INCLIVA , Valencia ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoni","family":"Bayes-Genis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital: Badalona , Catalunya ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Metra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spedali Civili, University of Brescia School of Medicine , Brescia ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026021804062802500_ehf214982-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.045409","article-title":"Altered hemodynamics and end-organ damage in heart failure: Impact on the lung and kidney","author":"Verbrugge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026021804062802500_ehf214982-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2016.259564","article-title":"Beyond natriuretic peptides for diagnosis and management of heart failure","volume":"63","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"2026021804062802500_ehf214982-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3599","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab368","article-title":"2021 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure","volume":"42","author":"McDonagh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026021804062802500_ehf214982-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1502","article-title":"Clinical phenotypes of acute heart failure based on signs and symptoms of perfusion and congestion at emergency department presentation and their relationship with patient management and outcomes","volume":"21","author":"Javaloyes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026021804062802500_ehf214982-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2008.06.004","article-title":"Alveolar gas diffusion abnormalities in heart failure","volume":"14","author":"Guazzi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"key":"2026021804062802500_ehf214982-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.122.028121","article-title":"Biomechanical and mechanobiological drivers of the transition from postcapillary pulmonary hypertension to combined pre-\/postcapillary pulmonary hypertension","volume":"12","author":"Allen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"2026021804062802500_ehf214982-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2699","article-title":"Health-related quality of life in acute heart failure: Association between patient-reported symptoms and markers of congestion","volume":"25","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026021804062802500_ehf214982-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2335","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.482570","article-title":"Biomarkers of cardiovascular disease: Molecular basis and practical considerations","volume":"113","author":"Vasan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026021804062802500_ehf214982-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1067\/mcp.2001.113989","article-title":"Biomarkers and surrogate endpoints: Preferred definitions and conceptual framework","volume":"69","author":"Atkinson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2026021804062802500_ehf214982-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L487","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.1996.270.4.L487","article-title":"Salt and water transport across alveolar and distal airway epithelia in the adult lung","volume":"270","author":"Matthay","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2026021804062802500_ehf214982-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.92.3.622","article-title":"Vulnerability of pulmonary capillaries in heart disease","volume":"92","author":"West","year":"1995","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026021804062802500_ehf214982-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.124.3.1090","article-title":"Alveolar-capillary membrane dysfunction in heart failure: Evidence of a pathophysiologic role","volume":"124","author":"Guazzi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026021804062802500_ehf214982-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1992.73.3.1150","article-title":"Short-term reversibility of ultrastructural changes in pulmonary capillaries caused by stress failure","volume":"73","author":"Elliott","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2026021804062802500_ehf214982-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9149(98)00784-x","article-title":"Lung membrane diffusing capacity, heart failure, and heart transplantation","volume":"83","author":"Mettauer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026021804062802500_ehf214982-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1053\/euhj.2001.2803","article-title":"Alveolar-capillary membrane gas conductance: A novel prognostic indicator in chronic heart failure","volume":"23","author":"Guazzi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026021804062802500_ehf214982-bib-0016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/s0735-1097(00)01131-1","article-title":"Modulation of alveolar-capillary sodium handling as a mechanism of protection of gas transfer by enalapril, and not by losartan, in chronic","volume":"37","author":"Guazzi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Heart Failure"},{"key":"2026021804062802500_ehf214982-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2711","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-021-04066-3","article-title":"Surfactant protein disorders in childhood interstitial lung disease","volume":"180","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"2026021804062802500_ehf214982-bib-0018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.118.005488","article-title":"Pulmonary production of soluble ST2 in heart failure","volume":"11","author":"Pascual-Figal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026021804062802500_ehf214982-bib-0019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1437","article-title":"Bio-adrenomedullin as a marker of congestion in patients with new-onset and worsening heart failure","volume":"21","author":"ter Maaten","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026021804062802500_ehf214982-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.99.13614779","article-title":"Pulmonary surfactant in health and human lung diseases: State of the art","volume":"13","author":"Griese","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2026021804062802500_ehf214982-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.07.003","article-title":"Surfactant protein B: From biochemistry to its potential role as diagnostic and prognostic marker in heart failure","volume":"221","author":"Banfi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026021804062802500_ehf214982-bib-0022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115030","article-title":"Surfactant-derived proteins as markers of alveolar membrane damage in heart failure","volume":"9","author":"Gargiulo","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2026021804062802500_ehf214982-bib-0023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2015.08.105","article-title":"Plasma immature form of surfactant protein type B correlates with prognosis in patients with chronic heart failure. A pilot single-center prospective study","volume":"201","author":"Magr\u00ec","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026021804062802500_ehf214982-bib-0024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000059649.31659.22","article-title":"Prolonged alveolocapillary barrier damage after acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema","volume":"31","author":"De Pasquale","year":"2003","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026021804062802500_ehf214982-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000140260.73611.FA","article-title":"Plasma surfactant protein-B: A novel biomarker in chronic heart failure","volume":"110","author":"De Pasquale","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026021804062802500_ehf214982-bib-0026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/s1885-5857(09)71531-2","article-title":"Pulmonary surfactant protein B in the peripheral circulation and functional impairment in patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"62","author":"Pascual-Figal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Revista Espa\u00f1ola de Cardiolog\u00eda (English Edition)"},{"key":"2026021804062802500_ehf214982-bib-0027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.152.1.7599839","article-title":"Serum surfactant protein-A levels in patients with acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema and adult respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"152","author":"Doyle","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026021804062802500_ehf214982-bib-0028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1177\/2048872616652309","article-title":"Editor's choice-biomarkers of acute cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases","volume":"5","author":"Suzuki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care"},{"key":"2026021804062802500_ehf214982-bib-0029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.08.1039","article-title":"Clinical and prognostic significance of sST2 in heart failure: JACC review topic of the week","volume":"74","author":"Aimo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026021804062802500_ehf214982-bib-0030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.05.014","article-title":"Measurement of the interleukin family member ST2 in patients with acute dyspnea. Results from the PRIDE (Pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide Investigation of Dyspnea in the Emergency Department) study","volume":"50","author":"Januzzi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026021804062802500_ehf214982-bib-0031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2016.12.016","article-title":"Meta-analysis of soluble suppression of tumorigenicity-2 and prognosis in acute heart failure","volume":"5","author":"Aimo","year":"2017","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026021804062802500_ehf214982-bib-0032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1366","article-title":"Adrenomedullin in heart failure: Pathophysiology and therapeutic application","volume":"21","author":"Voors","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026021804062802500_ehf214982-bib-0033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1038\/srep33495","article-title":"Lack of adrenomedullin in mouse endothelial cells results in defective angiogenesis, enhanced vascular permeability, less metastasis, and more brain damage","author":"Ochoa-Callejero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026021804062802500_ehf214982-bib-0034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1373\/jalm.2017.023655","article-title":"Sandwich immunoassay for bioactive plasma adrenomedullin","volume":"2","author":"Weber","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Appl Lab Med"},{"key":"2026021804062802500_ehf214982-bib-0035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1693","article-title":"Clinical value of pre-discharge bio-adrenomedullin as a marker of residual congestion and high risk of heart failure hospital readmission","volume":"22","author":"Pandhi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026021804062802500_ehf214982-bib-0036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2346","article-title":"Circulating heart failure biomarkers beyond natriuretic peptides: Review from the biomarker study Group of the Heart Failure Association (HFA), European Society of Cardiology (ESC)","volume":"23","author":"Meijers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026021804062802500_ehf214982-bib-0037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.3343\/alm.2016.36.4.300","article-title":"Plasma levels of soluble CD146 reflect the severity of pulmonary congestion better than brain natriuretic peptide in acute coronary syndrome","volume":"36","author":"Kubena","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Lab Med"},{"key":"2026021804062802500_ehf214982-bib-0038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2015.07.039","article-title":"Soluble CD146, a new endothelial biomarker of acutely decompensated heart failure","volume":"199","author":"Gayat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026021804062802500_ehf214982-bib-0039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2295","article-title":"Antigen carbohydrate 125 as a biomarker in heart failure: A narrative review","volume":"23","author":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026021804062802500_ehf214982-bib-0040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2019.12.005","article-title":"Clinical role of CA125 in worsening heart failure","volume":"8","author":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026021804062802500_ehf214982-bib-0041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1177\/2048872620908033","article-title":"Factors associated with plasma antigen carbohydrate 125 and amino-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide concentrations in acute heart failure","volume":"9","author":"Mi\u00f1ana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care"},{"key":"2026021804062802500_ehf214982-bib-0042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.22196","article-title":"Galectin-3 activation and inhibition in heart failure and cardiovascular disease: An update","volume":"8","author":"Suthahar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"2026021804062802500_ehf214982-bib-0043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.5935\/abc.20150149","article-title":"Galectina-3: Liga\u00e7\u00e3o entre rigidez mioc\u00e1rdica e arterial em pacientes com insufici\u00eancia card\u00edaca descompensada?","volume":"106","author":"Lala","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arq Bras Cardiol"},{"key":"2026021804062802500_ehf214982-bib-0044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.5603\/CJ.a2016.0053","article-title":"Estimating systemic fibrosis by combining galectin-3 and ST2 provides powerful risk stratification value for patients after acute decompensated heart failure","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cardiol J"},{"key":"2026021804062802500_ehf214982-bib-0045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00951","article-title":"Growth\/differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15): From biomarker to novel targetable immune checkpoint","author":"Wischhusen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026021804062802500_ehf214982-bib-0046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.331","article-title":"Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) in patients admitted for acute heart failure: Results from the RELAX-AHF study","volume":"17","author":"Cotter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026021804062802500_ehf214982-bib-0047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200802-235OC","article-title":"Growth differentiation factor-15 in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"178","author":"Nickel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026021804062802500_ehf214982-bib-0048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2015.02.012","article-title":"Urocortin 2 in cardiovascular health and disease","volume":"20","author":"Ad\u00e3o","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Discov Today"},{"key":"2026021804062802500_ehf214982-bib-0049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2021.100860","article-title":"Urocortin-2 in acute heart failure: Role as a marker of volume overload and pulmonary hypertension","volume":"47","author":"Pintalhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Probl Cardiol"},{"key":"2026021804062802500_ehf214982-bib-0050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12136","article-title":"Differentiating heart failure phenotypes using sex-specific transcriptomic and proteomic biomarker panels","volume":"4","author":"Toma","year":"2017","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026021804062802500_ehf214982-bib-0051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00304.2003.-Proteomics","article-title":"Proteomic analysis of pulmonary edema fluid and plasma in patients with acute lung injury","volume":"286","author":"Bowler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"}],"container-title":["ESC Heart Failure"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eschf\/article-pdf\/12\/2\/781\/66952845\/eschf_12_2_781.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eschf\/article-pdf\/12\/2\/781\/66952845\/eschf_12_2_781.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T09:06:33Z","timestamp":1771405593000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eschf\/article\/12\/2\/781\/8487999"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ehf2.14982","relation":{},"ISSN":["2055-5822"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2055-5822","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-09-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-07-01","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-08-08","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}