{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T18:22:38Z","timestamp":1790878958450,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":138,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768694400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2925,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BMBF01 EO1004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BMBF01 EO1004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFB688 TP A10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFB688 TP A10"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Activation of the immune system in heart failure (HF) has been recognized for over 20\u2009years. Initially, experimental studies demonstrated a maladaptive role of the immune system. However, several phase III trials failed to show beneficial effects in HF with therapies directed against an immune activation. Preclinical studies today describe positive and negative effects of immune activation in HF. These different effects depend on timing and aetiology of HF. Therefore, herein we give a detailed review on immune mechanisms and their importance for the development of HF with a special focus on commonalities and differences between different forms of cardiomyopathies. The role of the immune system in ischaemic, hypertensive, diabetic, toxic, viral, genetic, peripartum, and autoimmune cardiomyopathy is discussed in depth. Overall, initial damage to the heart leads to disease specific activation of the immune system whereas in the chronic phase of HF overlapping mechanisms occur in different aetiologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,15]],"date-time":"2018-01-15T01:42:40Z","timestamp":1515980560000},"page":"445-459","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":176,"title":["The Innate Immune System in Chronic Cardiomyopathy: A European Society of Cardiology (Esc) Scientific Statement from the Working Group on Myocardial Function of the ESC"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Stefan","family":"Frantz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital W\u00fcrzburg, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine III, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg , Halle (Saale) ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ines","family":"Falcao-Pires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto , Porto ,","place":["Portugal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Luc","family":"Balligand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Experimentale et Clinique (IREC), and Clinique Universitaire Saint-Luc, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain , Brussels ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johann","family":"Bauersachs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Medizinische Hochschule , Hannover ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"Brutsaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prof. Emer, University of Antwerp , Antwerp ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Ciccarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno , Baronissi ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dana","family":"Dawson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen ,","place":["Scotland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leon J.","family":"de Windt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University , Maastricht ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauro","family":"Giacca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) and Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste , Trieste ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nazha","family":"Hamdani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum , Bochum ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denise","family":"Hilfiker-Kleiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Medizinische Hochschule , Hannover ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilio","family":"Hirsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino , Torino ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adelino","family":"Leite-Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery and Cardiovascular Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto , Porto ,","place":["Portugal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Mayr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The James Black Centre and King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College, University of London , London ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Thum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), IFB-Tx, and REBIRTH Excellence Cluster, Hannover Medical School , Hannover ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo G.","family":"Tocchetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University , Naples ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jolanda","family":"van der Velden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences Institute , Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Netherlands Heart Institute , Utrecht ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilda","family":"Varricchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University , Naples ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), Federico II University , Naples ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephane","family":"Heymans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University , Maastricht ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Netherlands Heart Institute , Utrecht ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Leuven University , Leuven ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199007263230405","article-title":"Elevated circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor in severe chronic heart failure","volume":"323","author":"Levine","year":"1990","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvu025","article-title":"Cardiac macrophages and their role in ischaemic heart disease","volume":"102","author":"Frantz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.302317","article-title":"Innate immunity and the failing heart: the cytokine hypothesis revisited","volume":"116","author":"Mann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3800","article-title":"Role of innate and adaptive immune mechanisms in cardiac injury and repair","volume":"15","author":"Epelman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2014.28","article-title":"The inflammatory response in myocardial injury, repair, and remodelling","volume":"11","author":"Frangogiannis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.05.006","article-title":"Toll-like receptors and their crosstalk with other innate receptors in infection and immunity","volume":"34","author":"Kawai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.28.886","article-title":"Tissue-specific mRNA expression profiles of human toll-like receptors and related genes","volume":"28","author":"Nishimura","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol Pharm Bull"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI6709","article-title":"Toll4 (TLR4) expression in cardiac myocytes in normal and failing myocardium","volume":"104","author":"Frantz","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00009.2014","article-title":"NOD-like receptors: versatile cytosolic sentinels","volume":"95","author":"Motta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1177\/039463200902200208","article-title":"Inflammasomes are differentially expressed in cardiovascular and other tissues","volume":"22","author":"Yin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"379040","key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0011","article-title":"Pentraxins: structure, function, and role in inflammation","volume":"2013","author":"Du Clos","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISRN Inflamm"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2014.01.062","article-title":"Innate immunity and cardiomyocytes in ischemic heart disease","volume":"100","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2015.11.015","article-title":"Monocyte and macrophage contributions to cardiac remodeling","volume":"93","author":"Hulsmans","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Mol Cell Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09262","article-title":"Mesenchymal and haematopoietic stem cells form a unique bone marrow niche","volume":"466","author":"Mendez-Ferrer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.10.041","article-title":"Signals from the sympathetic nervous system regulate hematopoietic stem cell egress from bone marrow","volume":"124","author":"Katayama","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2010.05390.x","article-title":"Cooperation of beta(2)- and beta(3)-adrenergic receptors in hematopoietic progenitor cell mobilization","volume":"1192","author":"Mendez-Ferrer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3589","article-title":"Chronic variable stress activates hematopoietic stem cells","volume":"20","author":"Heidt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13383","article-title":"Neuropathy of haematopoietic stem cell niche is essential for myeloproliferative neoplasms","volume":"512","author":"Arranz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1409077","article-title":"PARADIGM-HF Investigators and Committees. Angiotensin\u2013neprilysin inhibition versus enalapril in heart failure","volume":"371","author":"McMurray","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2014.06.011","article-title":"Atrial natriuretic peptide: an old hormone or a new cytokine?","volume":"58","author":"De Vito","year":"2014","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2004.06.023","article-title":"Neuroendocrine profiling of humans receiving cardiac allografts","volume":"24","author":"Ogawa","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Heart Lung Transplant"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-0115(01)00218-X","article-title":"Atrial natriuretic peptide inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha production by interferon-gamma-activated macrophages via suppression of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-kappa B activation","volume":"99","author":"Tsukagoshi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Regul Pept"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000017068.58856.F3","article-title":"Inhibition of p38 MAPK activation via induction of MKP-1: atrial natriuretic peptide reduces TNF-alpha-induced actin polymerization and endothelial permeability","volume":"90","author":"Kiemer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000037102.31086.F4","article-title":"Pharmacological potentiation of natriuretic peptide limits polymorphonuclear neutrophil\u2013vascular cell interactions","volume":"22","author":"Mtairag el","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.307196","article-title":"Endothelial actions of ANP enhance myocardial inflammatory infiltration in the early phase after acute infarction","volume":"119","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3350","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI41080","article-title":"Myeloid mineralocorticoid receptor controls macrophage polarization and cardiovascular hypertrophy and remodeling in mice","volume":"120","author":"Usher","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.131110","article-title":"Deletion of mineralocorticoid receptors from macrophages protects against deoxycorticosterone\/salt-induced cardiac fibrosis and increased blood pressure","volume":"54","author":"Rickard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0028","first-page":"150","article-title":"Efficacy of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism in the acute myocardial infarction phase: eplerenone versus spironolactone. ESC","volume":"2","author":"Fraccarollo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2016.01.008","article-title":"Novel regulators of cardiac inflammation: Matricellular proteins expand their repertoire","volume":"91","author":"Rienks","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Mol Cell Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI87491","article-title":"The extracellular matrix in myocardial injury, repair, and remodeling","volume":"127","author":"Frangogiannis","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2905","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000101921.93016.1C","article-title":"Toll-like receptor-2 modulates ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction","volume":"108","author":"Shishido","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6954","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.10.6954","article-title":"Toll-like receptor-4 modulates survival by induction of left ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction in mice","volume":"180","author":"Riad","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1918","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.05-5133fje","article-title":"Absence of NF-kappaB subunit p50 improves heart failure after myocardial infarction","volume":"20","author":"Frantz","year":"2006","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1161\/hc3401.093154","article-title":"Left ventricular remodeling in transgenic mice with cardiac restricted overexpression of tumor necrosis factor","volume":"104","author":"Sivasubramanian","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.97.14.1382","article-title":"Pathophysiologically relevant concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha promote progressive left ventricular dysfunction and remodeling in rats","volume":"97","author":"Bozkurt","year":"1998","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0036","first-page":"187","article-title":"Neutrophils orchestrate post-myocardial infarction healing by polarizing macrophages towards a reparative phenotype","volume":"38","author":"Horckmans","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3037","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20070885","article-title":"The healing myocardium sequentially mobilizes two monocyte subsets with divergent and complementary functions","volume":"204","author":"Nahrendorf","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.113.301720","article-title":"Remodeling of the mononuclear phagocyte network underlies chronic inflammation and disease progression in heart failure: critical importance of the cardiosplenic axis","volume":"114","author":"Ismahil","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.11.019","article-title":"Embryonic and adult-derived resident cardiac macrophages are maintained through distinct mechanisms at steady state and during inflammation","volume":"40","author":"Epelman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16029","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1406508111","article-title":"Distinct macrophage lineages contribute to disparate patterns of cardiac recovery and remodeling in the neonatal and adult heart","volume":"111","author":"Lavine","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-013-1349-6","article-title":"The pathogenesis of cardiac fibrosis","volume":"71","author":"Kong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv639","article-title":"Role of T-cells in myocardial infarction","volume":"37","author":"Hofmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.304072","article-title":"Role of lymphocytes in myocardial injury, healing, and remodeling after myocardial infarction","volume":"116","author":"Hofmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.044164","article-title":"Activation of CD4+ T lymphocytes improves wound healing and survival after experimental myocardial infarction in mice","volume":"125","author":"Hofmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.303895","article-title":"Foxp3+ CD4+ T cells improve healing after myocardial infarction by modulating monocyte\/macrophage differentiation","volume":"115","author":"Weirather","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3284","article-title":"B lymphocytes trigger monocyte mobilization and impair heart function after acute myocardial infarction","volume":"19","author":"Zouggari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.12-214049","article-title":"Monocytes\/macrophages prevent healing defects and left ventricular thrombus formation after myocardial infarction","volume":"27","author":"Frantz","year":"2013","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.02.092","article-title":"A novel paradigm for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: comorbidities drive myocardial dysfunction and remodeling through coronary microvascular endothelial inflammation","volume":"62","author":"Paulus","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfn043","article-title":"Inflammation as a therapeutic target in heart failure? A scientific statement from the Translational Research Committee of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology","volume":"11","author":"Heymans","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.11.002","article-title":"The angiogenic factor PlGF mediates a neuroimmune interaction in the spleen to allow the onset of hypertension","volume":"41","author":"Carnevale","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2015.10.126","article-title":"Macrophages dictate the progression and manifestation of hypertensive heart disease","volume":"203","author":"Kain","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2904","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.832782","article-title":"Regulatory T cells ameliorate angiotensin II-induced cardiac damage","volume":"119","author":"Kvakan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1366","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00111.2012","article-title":"Macrophages modulate cardiac function in lipotoxic cardiomyopathy","volume":"303","author":"Schilling","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2014.11.004","article-title":"Exaggerated inflammation and monocytosis associate with diastolic dysfunction in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: evidence of M2 macrophage activation in disease pathogenesis","volume":"21","author":"Glezeva","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.001357","article-title":"Macrophage microRNA-155 promotes cardiac hypertrophy and failure","volume":"128","author":"Heymans","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.303697","article-title":"Inflammation, immunity, and hypertensive end-organ damage","volume":"116","author":"McMaster","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2012.114","article-title":"Adaptive immunity in obesity and insulin resistance","volume":"8","author":"Sell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1103","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00636.2012","article-title":"ANG II causes insulin resistance and induces cardiac metabolic switch and inefficiency: a critical role of PDK4","volume":"304","author":"Mori","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.04737","article-title":"Uric acid promotes left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in mice fed a Western diet","volume":"65","author":"Jia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvx012","article-title":"Inflammation and metabolic cardiomyopathy","volume":"113","author":"Nishida","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.05-4095fje","article-title":"Transgenic activation of the kallikrein-kinin system inhibits intramyocardial inflammation, endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress in experimental diabetic cardiomyopathy","volume":"19","author":"Tschope","year":"2005","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-007-0673-0","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-alpha antagonism protects from myocardial inflammation and fibrosis in experimental diabetic cardiomyopathy","volume":"102","author":"Westermann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Basic Res Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0104771","article-title":"NLRP3 gene silencing ameliorates diabetic cardiomyopathy in a type 2 diabetes rat model","volume":"9","author":"Luo","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2009.12.045","article-title":"Inflammatory markers and incident heart failure risk in older adults: the Health ABC (Health, Aging, and Body Composition) study","volume":"55","author":"Kalogeropoulos","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfr079","article-title":"Can emerging biomarkers of myocardial remodelling identify asymptomatic hypertensive patients at risk for diastolic dysfunction and diastolic heart failure?","volume":"13","author":"Collier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2869","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000146889.46519.27","article-title":"Modulation of doxorubicin-induced cardiac dysfunction in toll-like receptor-2-knockout mice","volume":"110","author":"Nozaki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/e82f77a8-3d29-44be-a9ef-7abc6c7e584a","article-title":"Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 differentially regulate doxorubicin induced cardiomyopathy in mice","volume":"7","author":"Ma","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2011.4","article-title":"TLR-2 and TLR-9 are sensors of apoptosis in a mouse model of doxorubicin-induced acute inflammation","volume":"18","author":"Krysko","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejheart.2008.01.004","article-title":"Toll-like receptor-4 deficiency attenuates doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy in mice","volume":"10","author":"Riad","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2011.07.001","article-title":"Erythropoietin preserves the endothelial differentiation capacity of cardiac progenitor cells and reduces heart failure during anticancer therapies","volume":"9","author":"Hoch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2016.209","article-title":"Gp130-mediated STAT3 activation by S-propargyl-cysteine, an endogenous hydrogen sulfide initiator, prevents doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity","volume":"7","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"issue":"50","key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0072","article-title":"Cardiotoxicity associated with CTLA4 and PD1 blocking immunotherapy","volume":"4","author":"Heinzerling","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1126\/science.291.5502.319","article-title":"Autoimmune dilated cardiomyopathy in PD-1 receptor-deficient mice","volume":"291","author":"Nishimura","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1038\/nm955","article-title":"Autoantibodies against cardiac troponin I are responsible for dilated cardiomyopathy in PD-1-deficient mice","volume":"9","author":"Okazaki","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4876","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1200389","article-title":"PD-1 protects against inflammation and myocyte damage in T cell-mediated myocarditis","volume":"188","author":"Tarrio","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxq026","article-title":"PD-1 deficiency results in the development of fatal myocarditis in MRL mice","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int Immunol"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2015.03.004","article-title":"Small interfering RNA therapy against carbohydrate sulfotransferase 15 inhibits cardiac remodeling in rats with dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"27","author":"Watanabe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Signal"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-1229(90)90039-S","article-title":"A novel experimental model of giant cell myocarditis induced in rats by immunization with cardiac myosin fraction","volume":"57","author":"Kodama","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2828(85)80019-5","article-title":"Coxsackie B3 virus can replicate in cultured human foetal heart cells and is inhibited by interferon","volume":"17","author":"Kandolf","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Mol Cell Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/129486","article-title":"Th2 regulation of viral myocarditis in mice: different roles for TLR3 versus TRIF in progression to chronic disease","volume":"2012","author":"Abston","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Dev Immunol"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI0213971","article-title":"Enhanced ERK-1\/2 activation in mice susceptible to coxsackievirus-induced myocarditis","volume":"109","author":"Opavsky","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1038\/nm960","article-title":"Dendritic cell-induced autoimmune heart failure requires cooperation between adaptive and innate immunity","volume":"9","author":"Eriksson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6710","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.11.6710","article-title":"Cutting edge: cross-regulation by TLR4 and T cell Ig mucin-3 determines sex differences in inflammatory heart disease","volume":"178","author":"Frisancho-Kiss","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4731","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.9.4731","article-title":"IL-12 receptor beta 1 and Toll-like receptor 4 increase IL-1 beta- and IL-18-associated myocarditis and coxsackievirus replication","volume":"170","author":"Fairweather","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2561","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1002029","article-title":"TRIF is a critical survival factor in viral cardiomyopathy","volume":"186","author":"Riad","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.3109\/08916930903509056","article-title":"Contribution of TLR7 and TLR9 signaling to the susceptibility of MyD88-deficient mice to myocarditis","volume":"43","author":"Pagni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.109.199802","article-title":"Myeloid differentiation factor-88\/interleukin-1 signaling controls cardiac fibrosis and heart failure progression in inflammatory dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"105","author":"Blyszczuk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H2024","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.01188.2009","article-title":"Myeloid differentiation factor-88 contributes to TLR9-mediated modulation of acute coxsackievirus B3-induced myocarditis in vivo","volume":"298","author":"Riad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R267","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00516.2011","article-title":"TLR3 deficiency induces chronic inflammatory cardiomyopathy in resistant mice following coxsackievirus B3 infection: role for IL-4","volume":"304","author":"Abston","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23208","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.047464","article-title":"A role for Toll-like receptor 3 variants in host susceptibility to enteroviral myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"285","author":"Gorbea","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2686","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.4.2686","article-title":"CD11b+ monocytes abrogate Th17 CD4+ T cell-mediated experimental autoimmune myocarditis","volume":"180","author":"Valaperti","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"Pt. 9","key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2487","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp144","article-title":"CCR2+Ly-6Chi monocytes are crucial for the effector phase of autoimmunity in the central nervous system","volume":"132","author":"Mildner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1937","article-title":"Macrophage plasticity and interaction with lymphocyte subsets: cancer as a paradigm","volume":"11","author":"Biswas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.2741\/2692","article-title":"Macrophage activation and polarization","volume":"13","author":"Martinez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Front Biosci"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0095","first-page":"1413","article-title":"Transforming growth factor-\u03b2-dependent Wnt secretion controls myofibroblast formation and myocardial fibrosis progression in experimental autoimmune myocarditis","volume":"38","author":"Blyszczuk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pathmechdis.3.121806.151534","article-title":"Molecular biology and pathogenesis of viral myocarditis","volume":"3","author":"Esfandiarei","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pathol"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2011.07.011","article-title":"Interactions between the extracellular matrix and inflammation during viral myocarditis","volume":"217","author":"Papageorgiou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu301","article-title":"Atlas of the clinical genetics of human dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"36","author":"Haas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv122","article-title":"The current role of next-generation DNA sequencing in routine care of patients with hereditary cardiovascular conditions: a viewpoint paper of the European Society of Cardiology working group on myocardial and pericardial diseases and members of the European Society of Human Genetics","volume":"36","author":"Mogensen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.07.023","article-title":"Prognostic relevance of gene-environment interactions in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy: applying the MOGE(S) classification","volume":"66","author":"Hazebroek","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2016.12.002","article-title":"Cardiac inflammation in genetic dilated cardiomyopathy caused by MYBPC3 mutation","volume":"102","author":"Lynch","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Mol Cell Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1586\/14779072.2015.990385","article-title":"Immunoadsorption therapy in dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"13","author":"Felix","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.2217\/14796678.5.2.175","article-title":"Reviewing peripartum cardiomyopathy: current state of knowledge","volume":"5","author":"Selle","year":"2009","journal-title":"Future Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1067\/mhj.2000.110091","article-title":"Myocarditis and long-term survival in peripartum cardiomyopathy","volume":"140","author":"Felker","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1505517","article-title":"IMAC-2 and IPAC Investigators. Shared genetic predisposition in peripartum and dilated cardiomyopathies","volume":"374","author":"Ware","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0106","first-page":"343","article-title":"Enhancement of myocardial damage and alteration of lymphocyte subsets in murine model of postpartum myocarditis","volume":"4","author":"Yokoyama","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Cardiovasc Pathol"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejheart.2008.07.005","article-title":"Reversal of IFN-gamma, oxLDL and prolactin serum levels correlate with clinical improvement in patients with peripartum cardiomyopathy","volume":"10","author":"Forster","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehi481","article-title":"Peripartum cardiomyopathy: inflammatory markers as predictors of outcome in 100 prospectively studied patients","volume":"27","author":"Sliwa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-9842(02)00008-9","article-title":"The addition of pentoxifylline to conventional therapy improves outcome in patients with peripartum cardiomyopathy","volume":"4","author":"Sliwa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv009","article-title":"Peripartum cardiomyopathy: current management and future perspectives","volume":"36","author":"Hilfiker-Kleiner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvu010","article-title":"Opposing roles of Akt and STAT3 in the protection of the maternal heart from peripartum stress","volume":"101","author":"Ricke-Hoch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.901496","article-title":"Evaluation of bromocriptine in the treatment of acute severe peripartum cardiomyopathy: a proof-of-concept pilot study","volume":"121","author":"Sliwa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.9.1183","article-title":"Peripartum cardiomyopathy: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Office of Rare Diseases (National Institutes of Health) workshop recommendations and review","volume":"283","author":"Pearson","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1385\/CRIAI:23:3:301","article-title":"Autoimmune mechanisms as the basis for human peripartum cardiomyopathy","volume":"23","author":"Ansari","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2004.09.008","article-title":"Impact of pregnancy-related heart failure on humoral immunity: clinical relevance of G3-subclass immunoglobulins in peripartum cardiomyopathy","volume":"150","author":"Warraich","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"issue":"60","key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0116","article-title":"Evidence of autoantibodies against cardiac troponin I and sarcomeric myosin in peripartum cardiomyopathy","volume":"110","author":"Haghikia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Basic Res Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2006.04.090","article-title":"Clinical and immunologic characteristics in peripartum cardiomyopathy","volume":"118","author":"Lamparter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20855","article-title":"The risk of congestive heart failure in rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based study over 46 years","volume":"52","author":"Nicola","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030414","article-title":"Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-3 is a key inhibitor of inflammation in obesity and metabolic syndrome","volume":"7","author":"Hulsmans","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61931-4","article-title":"Interleukin-6 receptor pathways in coronary heart disease: a collaborative meta-analysis of 82 studies","volume":"379","author":"Sarwar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38920","article-title":"An evaluation of risk factors for major adverse cardiovascular events during tocilizumab therapy","volume":"67","author":"Rao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38210","article-title":"Glucocorticoid dose thresholds associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"66","author":"del Rincon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.5603\/CJ.2013.0156","article-title":"Autoimmune diseases, their pharmacological treatment and the cardiovascular system","volume":"20","author":"Jastrzebska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cardiol J"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2012.14","article-title":"Accelerated atherosclerosis in patients with SLE\u2014mechanisms and management","volume":"8","author":"Skaggs","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2014.191","article-title":"Early detection of pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"12","author":"Lau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198401193100302","article-title":"Physiologic abnormalities of cardiac function in progressive systemic sclerosis with diffuse scleroderma","volume":"310","author":"Follansbee","year":"1984","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000115","article-title":"Is atherosclerosis accelerated in systemic sclerosis? Novel insights","volume":"26","author":"Soriano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.50.4.844","article-title":"De subitaneis mortibus. VIII. Coronary arteries and conduction system in scleroderma heart disease","volume":"50","author":"James","year":"1974","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1002\/art.37721","article-title":"Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg\u2013Strauss): clinical characteristics and long-term followup of the 383 patients enrolled in the French Vasculitis Study Group cohort","volume":"65","author":"Comarmond","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2015.06.087","article-title":"Prevalence and prognostic relevance of cardiac involvement in ANCA-associated vasculitis: eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis and granulomatosis with polyangiitis","volume":"199","author":"Hazebroek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27263","article-title":"Cardiac involvement in Churg-Strauss syndrome","volume":"62","author":"Dennert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0000000000000251","article-title":"Interleukin-5 pathway inhibition in the treatment of eosinophilic respiratory disorders: evidence and unmet needs","volume":"16","author":"Varricchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.157.3.1219","article-title":"Eosinophil granule proteins activate human heart mast cells","volume":"157","author":"Patella","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.22443","article-title":"Mast cells promote atherosclerosis by inducing both an atherogenic lipid profile and vascular inflammation","volume":"109","author":"Heikkila","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2186","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu101","article-title":"Improved diagnosis of idiopathic giant cell myocarditis and cardiac sarcoidosis by myocardial gene expression profiling","volume":"35","author":"Lassner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199706263362603","article-title":"Idiopathic giant-cell myocarditis\u2014natural history and treatment. Multicenter Giant Cell Myocarditis Study Group Investigators","volume":"336","author":"Cooper","year":"1997","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.112.969261","article-title":"Diagnosis, treatment, and outcome of giant-cell myocarditis in the era of combined immunosuppression","volume":"6","author":"Kandolin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026080800370768700_ejhf1138-bib-0138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1707914","article-title":"Antiinflammatory therapy with canakinumab for atherosclerotic disease","volume":"377","author":"Ridker","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Heart Failure"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fejhf.1138","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurjhf\/article-pdf\/20\/3\/445\/66270166\/eurjhf_20_3_445.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurjhf\/article-pdf\/20\/3\/445\/66270166\/eurjhf_20_3_445.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T04:38:25Z","timestamp":1786163905000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurjhf\/article\/20\/3\/445\/8414862"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,15]]},"references-count":138,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejhf.1138","relation":{},"ISSN":["1388-9842","1879-0844"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1388-9842","type":"print"},{"value":"1879-0844","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,15]]}}}