{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T02:49:54Z","timestamp":1790909394420,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768694400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2786,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,3]],"date-time":"2018-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1527984000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"British Heart Foundation Clinical Research Training Fellowship","award":["FS\/15\/29\/31492"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FS\/15\/29\/31492"]}]},{"name":"Alexander Jansons Foundation"},{"name":"Rosetrees Charity Trust"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000274","name":"British Heart Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FS\/15\/29\/31492"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FS\/15\/29\/31492"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000274","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the relationship between sex, age and outcome in dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used proportional hazard modelling to examine the association between sex, age and all-cause mortality in consecutive patients with DCM. Overall, 881 patients (290 women, median age 52\u2009years) were followed for a median of 4.9\u2009years. Women were more likely to present with heart failure (64.0% vs. 54.5%; P =\u20090.007) and had more severe symptoms (P &amp;lt;\u20090.0001) compared to men. Women had smaller left ventricular end-diastolic volume (125\u2009mL\/m2 vs. 135\u2009mL\/m2; P &amp;lt;\u20090.001), higher left ventricular ejection fraction (40.2% vs. 37.9%; P =\u20090.019) and were less likely to have mid-wall late gadolinium enhancement (23.0% vs. 38.9%; P &amp;lt;\u20090.0001). During follow-up, 149 (16.9%) patients died, including 41 (4.7%) who died suddenly. After adjustment, all-cause mortality [hazard ratio (HR) 0.61, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.41\u20130.92; P =\u20090.018] was lower in women, with similar trends for cardiovascular (HR 0.60, 95% CI 0.35\u20131.05; P =\u20090.07), non-sudden (HR 0.63, 95% CI 0.39\u20131.02; P =\u20090.06) and sudden death (HR 0.70, 95% CI 0.30\u20131.63; P =\u20090.41). All-cause mortality (per 10\u2009years: HR 1.36, 95% CI 1.20\u20131.55; P &amp;lt;\u20090.0001) and non-sudden death (per 10\u2009years: HR 1.51, 95% CI 1.26\u20131.82; P &amp;lt;\u20090.00001) increased with age. Cumulative incidence curves confirmed favourable outcomes, particularly in women and those &amp;lt;60\u2009years. Increased all-cause mortality in patients &amp;gt;60\u2009years of age was driven by non-sudden death.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Women with DCM have better survival compared to men, which may partly be due to less severe left ventricular dysfunction and a smaller scar burden. There is increased mortality driven by non-sudden death in patients &amp;gt;60\u2009years of age that is less marked in women. Outcomes with contemporary treatment were favourable, with a low incidence of sudden death.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,3]],"date-time":"2018-06-03T23:05:13Z","timestamp":1528067113000},"page":"1392-1400","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":139,"title":["Sex- and Age-Based Differences in the Natural History and Outcome of Dilated Cardiomyopathy"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Brian P.","family":"Halliday","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Centre and Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital , London ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College , London 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,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Arzanauskaite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Centre and Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital , London ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cemil","family":"Izgi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Centre and Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital , London ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaushiga","family":"Krishnathasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Centre and Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital , London ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arvind","family":"Singhal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Centre and Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital , London ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kayla","family":"Chiew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College , London ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Gregson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael P.","family":"Frenneaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia , Norwich ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stuart A.","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Centre and Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital , London ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College , London ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"National Heart Centre Singapore \u00a0","place":["Singapore"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dudley J.","family":"Pennell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Centre and Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital , London ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College , London ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Centre and Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital , London ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College , London ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John 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