{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T13:59:21Z","timestamp":1781618361670,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,14]],"date-time":"2014-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1413244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21 HL088081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 HL088081"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CA-34944, CA-40360, CA-097193"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA-34944, CA-40360, CA-097193"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HL-26490, HL-34595"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL-26490, HL-34595"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To test the hypothesis that chocolate consumption is associated with a lower risk of heart failure (HF).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We prospectively studied 20 278 men from the Physicians' Health Study. Chocolate consumption was assessed between 1999 and 2002 via a self-administered food frequency questionnaire and HF was ascertained through annual follow-up questionnaires with validation in a subsample. We used Cox regression to estimate multivariable adjusted relative risk of HF. During a mean follow-up of 9.3\u2009years there were 876 new cases of HF. The mean age at baseline was 66.4\u2009\u00b1\u20099.2\u2009years. Hazard ratios [95% confidence intervals (CI)] for HF were 1.0 (ref), 0.86 (0.72\u20131.03), 0.80 (0.66\u20130.98), 0.92 (0.74\u20131.13), and 0.82 (0.63\u20131.07), for chocolate consumption of less than 1\/month, 1\u20133\/week, 2\u20134\/week, and 5+\/week, respectively, after adjusting for age, body mass index (BMI), smoking, alcohol, exercise, energy intake, and history of atrial fibrillation (P for quadratic trend\u2009=\u20090.62). In a secondary analysis, chocolate consumption was inversely associated with risk of HF in men whose BMI was &amp;lt;25\u2009kg\/m2 [HR (95% CI)\u2009=\u20090.59 (0.37\u20130.94) for consumption of 5+ servings\/week, P for linear trend\u2009=\u20090.03) but not in those with BMI of 25+ kg\/m2 [HR (95% CI)\u2009=\u20091.01 (0.73\u20131.39), P for linear trend\u2009=\u20090.42, P for interaction\u2009=\u20090.17).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our data suggest that moderate consumption of chocolate might be associated with a lower risk of HF in male physicians.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,14]],"date-time":"2014-10-14T06:15:58Z","timestamp":1413267358000},"page":"1372-1376","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Chocolate Consumption and Risk of Heart Failure in the Physicians' Health Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Andrew B.","family":"Petrone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Aging and the Department of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital , 1620 Tremont St. 3rd floor, Boston, MA, 02120 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology and Research Information Center (MAVERIC) and Geriatric Research (GRECC) , Boston, MA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Michael","family":"Gaziano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Aging and the Department of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital , 1620 Tremont St. 3rd floor, Boston, MA, 02120 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology and Research Information Center (MAVERIC) and Geriatric Research (GRECC) , Boston, MA ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luc","family":"Djouss\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Aging and the Department of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital , 1620 Tremont St. 3rd floor, Boston, MA, 02120 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology and Research Information Center (MAVERIC) and Geriatric Research (GRECC) , Boston, MA ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026011921131315500_ejhf180-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2005.04.013","article-title":"Incidence and hospital death rates associated with heart failure: A community-wide perspective","volume":"118","author":"Goldberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2026011921131315500_ejhf180-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2005.01.076","article-title":"Trends in mortality attributed to heart failure in Worcester, Massachusetts, 1992\u20132001","volume":"95","author":"Goldberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026011921131315500_ejhf180-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3068","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000039105.49749.6F","article-title":"Lifetime risk for developing congestive heart failure: The Framingham heart study","volume":"106","author":"Lloyd Jones","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026011921131315500_ejhf180-bib-0004","first-page":"e28","article-title":"American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. 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