{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T05:42:36Z","timestamp":1786167756664,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,29]],"date-time":"2020-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588118400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,29]],"date-time":"2020-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588118400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Acute coronary syndrome is a precipitant of acute heart failure in a substantial proportion of cases, and the presence of both conditions is associated with a higher risk of short-term mortality compared to acute coronary syndrome alone. The diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome in the setting of acute heart failure can be challenging. Patients may present with atypical or absent chest pain, electrocardiograms can be confounded by pre-existing abnormalities, and cardiac biomarkers are frequently elevated in patients with chronic or acute heart failure, independently of acute coronary syndrome. It is important to distinguish transient or limited myocardial injury from primary myocardial infarction due to vascular events in patients presenting with acute heart failure. This paper outlines various clinical scenarios to help differentiate between these conditions and aims to provide clinicians with tools to aid in the recognition of acute coronary syndrome as a cause of acute heart failure. Interpretation of electrocardiogram and biomarker findings, and imaging techniques that may be helpful in the diagnostic work-up are described. Guidelines recommend an immediate invasive strategy for patients with acute heart failure and acute coronary syndrome, regardless of electrocardiographic or biomarker findings. Pharmacological management of patients with acute coronary syndrome and acute heart failure should follow guidelines for each of these syndromes, with priority given to time-sensitive therapies for both. Studies conducted specifically in patients with the combination of acute coronary syndrome and acute heart failure are needed to better define the management of these patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1831","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,29]],"date-time":"2020-04-29T03:59:33Z","timestamp":1588132773000},"page":"1298-1314","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Acute Coronary Syndromes and Acute Heart Failure: A Diagnostic Dilemma and High-Risk Combination. A Statement from the Acute Heart Failure Committee of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Veli-Pekka","family":"Harjola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Medicine, University of Helsinki, Department of Emergency Medicine and Services, Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki ,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Parissis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Athens University Hospital Attikon , Athens ,","place":["Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johann","family":"Bauersachs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Medical School Hannover , Hannover ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans-Peter","family":"Brunner-La Rocca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Center , Maastricht ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hector","family":"Bueno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares , Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre , Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jelena","family":"\u010celutkien\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, Clinic of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University , Vilnius ,","place":["Lithuania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ovidiu","family":"Chioncel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Medicine Carol Davila\/Institute of Emergency for Cardiovascular Disease , Bucharest ,","place":["Romania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.S.","family":"Coats","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS, San Raffaele Pisana , Rome ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean P.","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, TN ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rudolf A.","family":"de Boer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerasimos","family":"Filippatos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Athens University Hospital Attikon , Athens ,","place":["Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Etienne","family":"Gayat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement d\u2019Anesth\u00e9sie \u2013 R\u00e9animation \u2013 SMUR, H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires Saint Louis \u2013 Lariboisi\u00e8re, INSERM \u2013 UMR 942, Assistance Publique \u2013 H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, Universit\u00e9 Paris Diderot , Paris ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loreena","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing and Midwifery, Queen\u2019s University , Belfast ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mika","family":"Laine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology, Heart and Lung Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki ,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johan","family":"Lassus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology, Heart and Lung Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki ,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jyri","family":"Lommi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology, Heart and Lung Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki ,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josep","family":"Masip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consorci Sanitari Integral, University of Barcelona , Barcelona ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Hospital Sanitas CIMA , Barcelona ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Mebazaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement d\u2019Anesth\u00e9sie \u2013 R\u00e9animation \u2013 SMUR, H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires Saint Louis \u2013 Lariboisi\u00e8re, INSERM \u2013 UMR 942, Assistance Publique \u2013 H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, Universit\u00e9 Paris Diderot , Paris ,","place":["France"]},{"name":"U942 Inserm, AP-HP , Paris ,","place":["France"]},{"name":"Investigation Network Initiative Cardiovascular and Renal Clinical Trialists (INI-CRCT) , Nancy ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Metra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia , Brescia ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00d2scar","family":"Mir\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Department, Hospital Cl\u00ednic, University of Barcelona , Catalonia ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Mortara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Policlinico di Monza , Monza ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Mueller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB) and Department of Cardiology, University of Basel, University Hospital Basel , Basel ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilfried","family":"Mullens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Ziekenhuis Oost Limburg, Genk \u2013 Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University , Diepenbeek ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. Frank","family":"Peacock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henry JN Taub Department of Emergency Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markku","family":"Pentik\u00e4inen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology, Heart and Lung Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki ,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo F.","family":"Piepoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart Failure Unit, Cardiology, G. da Saliceto Hospital , Piacenza ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Effie","family":"Polyzogopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Athens University Hospital Attikon , Athens ,","place":["Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Rudiger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardio-Surgical Intensive Care Unit, University and University Hospital Zurich , Zurich ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Ruschitzka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich , Zurich ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petar","family":"Seferovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Belgrade University School of Medicine and Heart Failure Center, Belgrade University Medical Center , Belgrade ,","place":["Serbia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Sionis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona , Barcelona ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John R.","family":"Teerlink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Cardiology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and School of Medicine, University of California , San Francisco, CA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Thum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Hannover Medical School , Hannover ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marjut","family":"Varpula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology, Heart and Lung Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki ,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean Marc","family":"Weinstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Division, Soroka University Medical Centre , Beer-Sheva ,","place":["Israel"]},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev , Beer-Sheva ,","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehmet B.","family":"Yilmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Medicine , Sivas ,","place":["Turkey"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2010.09.026","article-title":"30-year trends in heart failure in patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction","volume":"107","author":"McManus","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000109691.16944.DA","article-title":"Determinants and prognostic impact of heart failure complicating acute coronary syndromes: observations from the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE)","volume":"109","author":"Steg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-010-2113-0","article-title":"Clinical presentation, management and outcomes in the Acute Heart Failure Global Survey of Standard Treatment (ALARM-HF)","volume":"37","author":"Follath","year":"2011","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfq002","article-title":"Characteristics, outcomes, and predictors of mortality at 3 months and 1 year in patients hospitalized for acute heart failure","volume":"12","author":"Harjola","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2011.03.033","article-title":"The Romanian Acute Heart Failure Syndromes (RO-AHFS) registry","volume":"162","author":"Chioncel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfs189","article-title":"Current aspects of the spectrum of acute heart failure syndromes in a real-life setting: the OFICA study","volume":"15","author":"Logeart","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2725","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehl193","article-title":"EuroHeart Failure Survey II (EHFS II): a survey on hospitalized acute heart failure patients: description of population","volume":"27","author":"Nieminen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3011","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehl407","article-title":"Characteristics, outcomes, and predictors of 1-year mortality in patients hospitalized for acute heart failure","volume":"27","author":"Siirila-Waris","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehi845","article-title":"Nationwide survey on acute heart failure in cardiology ward services in Italy","volume":"27","author":"Tavazzi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.682","article-title":"Precipitating factors and 90-day outcome of acute heart failure: a report from the intercontinental GREAT registry","volume":"19","author":"Arrigo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2014.07.008","article-title":"Acute heart failure with and without concomitant acute coronary syndromes: patient characteristics, management, and survival","volume":"20","author":"Tarvasmaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.890","article-title":"Clinical phenotypes and outcome of patients hospitalized for acute heart failure: the ESC Heart Failure Long-Term Registry","volume":"19","author":"Chioncel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.112.000161","article-title":"Multicenter prospective observational study on acute and chronic heart failure: the one-year follow-up results of IN-HF Outcome Registry","volume":"6","author":"Tavazzi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2013.02.007","article-title":"Heart failure complicating non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome: timing, predictors, and clinical outcomes","volume":"1","author":"Bahit","year":"2013","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.17.1892","article-title":"Decline in rates of death and heart failure in acute coronary syndromes, 1999-2006","volume":"297","author":"Fox","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.22745","article-title":"Heart failure in patients admitted for acute coronary syndromes: a report from a large national registry","volume":"40","author":"Jeger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy462","article-title":"Fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction (2018)","volume":"40","author":"Thygesen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2265","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehs191","article-title":"Troponin elevation in patients with heart failure: on behalf of the Third Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction Global Task Force: heart failure section","volume":"33","author":"Januzzi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.7125","article-title":"Type 2 myocardial infarction \u2013 diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment","volume":"320","author":"McCarthy","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2551","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehs184","article-title":"Third universal definition of myocardial infarction","volume":"33","author":"Thygesen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2252","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehs154","article-title":"How to use high-sensitivity cardiac troponins in acute cardiac care","volume":"33","author":"Thygesen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv320","article-title":"2015 ESC guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: Task Force for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients Presenting Without Persistent ST-Segment Elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)","volume":"37","author":"Roffi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.031806","article-title":"Long-term outcomes in patients with type 2 myocardial infarction and myocardial injury","volume":"137","author":"Chapman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.11.043","article-title":"Different causes of death in patients with myocardial infarction type 1, type 2, and myocardial injury","volume":"131","author":"Lambrecht","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.12.020","article-title":"Mortality rate in type 2 myocardial infarction: observations from an unselected hospital cohort","volume":"127","author":"Saaby","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.21037\/cdt.2017.03.21","article-title":"Type 2 versus type 1 myocardial infarction: a comparison of clinical characteristics and outcomes with a meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"7","author":"Gupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diagn Ther"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2014.10.056","article-title":"Sensitive troponin assay and the classification of myocardial infarction","volume":"128","author":"Shah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2014-306093","article-title":"Type 2 myocardial infarction in clinical practice","volume":"101","author":"Baron","year":"2015","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.008661","article-title":"Impact of type 2 myocardial infarction (MI) on hospital-level MI outcomes: implications for quality and public reporting","volume":"7","author":"Arora","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1197\/aemj.9.9.903","article-title":"Congestive heart failure patients with chest pain: incidence and predictors of acute coronary syndrome","volume":"9","author":"Lettman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx393","article-title":"2017 ESC guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation: The Task Force for the Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Patients Presenting with ST-Segment Elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)","volume":"39","author":"Ibanez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(17)34590-4","article-title":"Comparison of troponin peaks between type 1 and type 2 myocardial infarction [abstract]","volume":"69","author":"Arora","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2016.255521","article-title":"Myocardial infarction type 2 and myocardial injury","volume":"63","author":"Sandoval","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.111.961243","article-title":"Quantifying cardiac hemodynamic stress and cardiomyocyte damage in ischemic and nonischemic acute heart failure","volume":"5","author":"Drexler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0035","first-page":"212","article-title":"Rule-in of acute myocardial infarction: focus on troponin","volume":"6","author":"Mockel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3780","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy514","article-title":"Impact of age on the performance of the ESC 0\/1h-algorithms for early diagnosis of myocardial infarction","volume":"39","author":"Boeddinghaus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2018.286906","article-title":"Clinical validation of a novel high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I assay for early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction","volume":"64","author":"Boeddinghaus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.05.040","article-title":"Prospective validation of the 0\/1-h algorithm for early diagnosis of myocardial infarction","volume":"72","author":"Twerenbold","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3049","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx492","article-title":"Early diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome","volume":"38","author":"Katus","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38985.646481.55","article-title":"Prediction of risk of death and myocardial infarction in the six months after presentation with acute coronary syndrome: prospective multinational observational study (GRACE)","volume":"333","author":"Fox","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-004425","article-title":"Should patients with acute coronary disease be stratified for management according to their risk? Derivation, external validation and outcomes using the updated GRACE risk score","volume":"4","author":"Fox","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.01.255","article-title":"A prospective validation of the HEART score for chest pain patients at the emergency department","volume":"168","author":"Backus","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1097\/HPC.0b013e3181ec36d8","article-title":"Chest pain in the emergency room: a multicenter validation of the HEART score","volume":"9","author":"Backus","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit Pathw Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0044","first-page":"143","article-title":"ESC Working Group position paper on myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries","volume":"38","author":"Agewall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejheart.2006.11.003","article-title":"Prevalence of ECG abnormalities in an international survey of patients with suspected or confirmed heart failure at death or discharge","volume":"9","author":"Khan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0046","first-page":"132","article-title":"New insights into the use of the 12-lead electrocardiogram for diagnosing acute myocardial infarction in the emergency department","volume":"34","author":"Miranda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3033","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu283","article-title":"2014 ESC guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism","volume":"35","author":"Konstantinides","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2017.11.001","article-title":"Electrocardiographic predictors of morbidity and mortality in patients with acute myocarditis: the importance of QRS-T angle","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2015.05.007","article-title":"Identification of emergency department patients with acute heart failure at low risk for 30-day adverse events: the STRATIFY decision tool","volume":"3","author":"Collins","year":"2015","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.13141","article-title":"Prospective and explicit clinical validation of the Ottawa Heart Failure Risk Scale, with and without use of quantitative NT-proBNP","volume":"24","author":"Stiell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.12056","article-title":"A risk scoring system to identify emergency department patients with heart failure at high risk for serious adverse events","volume":"20","author":"Stiell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.13033","article-title":"Causes of elevated cardiac troponins in the emergency department and their associated mortality","volume":"23","author":"Meigher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfs110","article-title":"Troponin I in acute decompensated heart failure: insights from the ASCEND-HF study","volume":"14","author":"Felker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-012-0441-5","article-title":"Troponin T levels in patients with acute heart failure: clinical and prognostic significance of their detection and release during hospitalisation","volume":"101","author":"Metra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Res Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.341","article-title":"Serial high sensitivity cardiac troponin T measurement in acute heart failure: insights from the RELAX-AHF study","volume":"17","author":"Felker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2015.247536","article-title":"In search of the 1-hour rule-out for acute myocardial infarction","volume":"61","author":"Scirica","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e666","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000002336","article-title":"Combined measurement of soluble ST2 and amino-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide provides early assessment of severity in cardiogenic shock complicating acute coronary syndrome","volume":"45","author":"Tolppanen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2015.10.034","article-title":"Galectin-3 and sST2 in prediction of left ventricular ejection fraction after myocardial infarction","volume":"452","author":"van der Velde","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.114.303915","article-title":"Circulating long noncoding RNA, LIPCAR, predicts survival in patients with heart failure","volume":"114","author":"Kumarswamy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.308434","article-title":"Circulating noncoding RNAs as biomarkers of cardiovascular disease and injury","volume":"120","author":"Viereck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.592","article-title":"2016 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC","volume":"18","author":"Ponikowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.112.000230","article-title":"Prognostic value of cardiac time intervals by tissue Doppler imaging M-mode in patients with acute ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention","volume":"6","author":"Biering-Sorensen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(96)00750-3","article-title":"Echocardiographic prediction of complications in patients with chest pain","volume":"79","author":"Fleischmann","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2016.05.008","article-title":"Prognostic implications of elevated pulmonary artery pressure after ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction","volume":"118","author":"Haeck","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2003.07.044","article-title":"Noninvasive estimation of left ventricular filling pressure by E\/e\u2019 is a powerful predictor of survival after acute myocardial infarction","volume":"43","author":"Hillis","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(98)70200-8","article-title":"Early echocardiography can predict cardiac events in emergency department patients with chest pain","volume":"31","author":"Kontos","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0067","first-page":"527","article-title":"Short early filling deceleration time on day 1 after acute myocardial infarction is associated with short and long term left ventricular remodelling","volume":"85","author":"Otasevic","year":"2001","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315382036","volume-title":"Emergency Echocardiography","author":"Neskovic","year":"2016"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41G","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(00)00991-7","article-title":"Role of echocardiography in acute chest pain syndrome","volume":"86","author":"Autore","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0070","first-page":"3","article-title":"The use of echocardiography in acute cardiovascular care: recommendations of the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging and the Acute Cardiovascular Care Association","volume":"4","author":"Lancellotti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2012.02.003","article-title":"Global left ventricular longitudinal systolic strain for early risk assessment in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with primary percutaneous intervention","volume":"25","author":"Munk","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jex182","article-title":"Clinical practice of contrast echocardiography: recommendation by the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI) 2017","volume":"18","author":"Senior","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5402\/2011\/359127","article-title":"Imaging techniques in acute coronary syndromes: a review","volume":"2011","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2011","journal-title":"ISRN Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1515\/dx-2016-0029","article-title":"The role of MRI and CT for diagnosis and work-up in suspected ACS","volume":"3","author":"Andr\u00e9","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diagnosis (Berl)"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-017-9609-4","article-title":"Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in heart failure: where the alphabet begins!","volume":"22","author":"Aljizeeri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Heart Fail Rev"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.05.011","article-title":"2016 ACC\/AHA\/HFSA focused update on new pharmacological therapy for heart failure: an update of the 2013 ACCF\/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Failure Society of America","volume":"68","author":"Yancy","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-012-0029-2","article-title":"Clinical pharmacokinetics of drugs in patients with heart failure: an update (part 1, drugs administered intravenously)","volume":"52","author":"Ogawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-014-0189-3","article-title":"Clinical pharmacokinetics of drugs in patients with heart failure: an update (part 2, drugs administered orally)","volume":"53","author":"Ogawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.872","article-title":"Organ dysfunction, injury and failure in acute heart failure: from pathophysiology to diagnosis and management. A review on behalf of the Acute Heart Failure Committee of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)","volume":"19","author":"Harjola","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0080","first-page":"S70","article-title":"Dual antiplatelet therapy in type 1 and type 2 myocardial infarctions: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials and observational studies [abstract]","volume":"32","author":"Reid","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.10.068","article-title":"Morphine decreases clopidogrel concentrations and effects: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"63","author":"Hobl","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv547","article-title":"Morphine delays and attenuates ticagrelor exposure and action in patients with myocardial infarction: the randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled IMPRESSION trial","volume":"37","author":"Kubica","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0083","article-title":"Morphine is associated with a delayed activity of oral antiplatelet agents in patients with ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention","volume":"8","author":"Parodi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Interv"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.3109\/17482941.2011.575165","article-title":"Use of intravenous morphine for acute decompensated heart failure in patients with and without acute coronary syndromes","volume":"13","author":"Iakobishvili","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acute Card Care"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2007.050419","article-title":"Morphine and outcomes in acute decompensated heart failure: an ADHERE analysis","volume":"25","author":"Peacock","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198205133061902","article-title":"Effect of short-term infusion of sodium nitroprusside on mortality rate in acute myocardial infarction complicated by left ventricular failure: results of a Veterans Administration cooperative study","volume":"306","author":"Cohn","year":"1982","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)08417-1","article-title":"Randomised trial of high-dose isosorbide dinitrate plus low-dose furosemide versus high-dose furosemide plus low-dose isosorbide dinitrate in severe pulmonary oedema","volume":"351","author":"Cotter","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-010-2073-4","article-title":"Short-term survival by treatment among patients hospitalized with acute heart failure: the global ALARM-HF registry using propensity scoring methods","volume":"37","author":"Mebazaa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1100171","article-title":"Effect of nesiritide in patients with acute decompensated heart failure","volume":"365","author":"O\u2019Connor","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0090","first-page":"1531","article-title":"Intravenous nesiritide vs nitroglycerin for treatment of decompensated congestive heart failure: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"287","author":"Publication Committee for the VMAC Investigators (Vasodilation in the Management of Acute CHF)","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(00)00785-3","article-title":"High-dose intravenous isosorbide-dinitrate is safer and better than bi-PAP ventilation combined with conventional treatment for severe pulmonary edema","volume":"36","author":"Sharon","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0092","article-title":"Nitrates for acute heart failure syndromes","volume":"8","author":"Wakai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02212-1","article-title":"Long-term ACE-inhibitor therapy in patients with heart failure or left-ventricular dysfunction: a systematic overview of data from individual patients. ACE-Inhibitor Myocardial Infarction Collaborative Group","volume":"355","author":"Flather","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2202","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.97.22.2202","article-title":"Indications for ACE inhibitors in the early treatment of acute myocardial infarction: systematic overview of individual data from 100,000 patients in randomized trials","volume":"97","author":"ACE Inhibitor Myocardial Infarction Collaborative Group","year":"1998","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa032292","article-title":"Valsartan, captopril, or both in myocardial infarction complicated by heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction, or both","volume":"349","author":"Pfeffer","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)09895-1","article-title":"Effects of losartan and captopril on mortality and morbidity in high-risk patients after acute myocardial infarction: the OPTIMAAL randomised trial. Optimal Trial in Myocardial Infarction with Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan","volume":"360","author":"Dickstein","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa030207","article-title":"Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction","volume":"348","author":"Pitt","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1709118","article-title":"Rivaroxaban with or without aspirin in stable cardiovascular disease","volume":"377","author":"Eikelboom","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0099","article-title":"Antiplatelet versus anticoagulation treatment for patients with heart failure in sinus rhythm","volume":"9","author":"Shantsila","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1153","article-title":"Anticoagulation in heart failure without atrial fibrillation: gaps and dilemmas in current clinical practice","volume":"20","author":"Siliste","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1808848","article-title":"Rivaroxaban in patients with heart failure, sinus rhythm, and coronary disease","volume":"379","author":"Zannad","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0810625","article-title":"Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients","volume":"360","author":"Finfer","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d6646","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d6646","article-title":"Hyperglycaemia in acute coronary syndromes: summary of NICE guidance","volume":"343","author":"Senthinathan","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2941","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000103683.99399.7E","article-title":"Thiazolidinedione use, fluid retention, and congestive heart failure: a consensus statement from the American Heart Association and American Diabetes Association","volume":"108","author":"Nesto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2016.0184","article-title":"The safety of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors and the risk for heart failure","volume":"1","author":"Scirica","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2015.10.014","article-title":"Metformin-associated lactic acidosis: current perspectives on causes and risk","volume":"65","author":"DeFronzo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1504720","article-title":"Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes","volume":"373","author":"Zinman","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1611925","article-title":"Canagliflozin and cardiovascular and renal events in type 2 diabetes","volume":"377","author":"Neal","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1603827","article-title":"Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes","volume":"375","author":"Marso","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0110","author":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-018-5214-9","article-title":"Management of cardiogenic shock complicating myocardial infarction","volume":"44","author":"Mebazaa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.289","article-title":"Recommendations on pre-hospital & early hospital management of acute heart failure: a consensus paper from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology, the European Society of Emergency Medicine and the Society of Academic Emergency Medicine","volume":"17","author":"Mebazaa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1208410","article-title":"Intraaortic balloon support for myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock","volume":"367","author":"Thiele","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.10.026","article-title":"Percutaneous mechanical circulatory support versus intra-aortic balloon pump for treating cardiogenic shock: meta-analysis","volume":"69","author":"Ouweneel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000139694.47326.B6","article-title":"Myocardial infarction rate in acute pulmonary edema: noninvasive pressure support ventilation versus continuous positive airway pressure","volume":"32","author":"Bellone","year":"2004","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.07-1058","article-title":"Noninvasive positive airway pressure and risk of myocardial infarction in acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema: continuous positive airway pressure vs noninvasive positive pressure ventilation","volume":"132","author":"Ferrari","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0707992","article-title":"Noninvasive ventilation in acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema","volume":"359","author":"Gray","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx580","article-title":"Indications and practical approach to non-invasive ventilation in acute heart failure","volume":"39","author":"Masip","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066611411407","article-title":"Post myocardial infarction cardiogenic shock: a review of current therapies","volume":"28","author":"Ng","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(00)00846-9","article-title":"Cardiogenic shock due to acute severe mitral regurgitation complicating acute myocardial infarction: a report from the SHOCK Trial Registry. SHould we use emergently revascularize Occluded Coronaries in cardiogenic shocK?","volume":"36","author":"Thompson","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(00)00878-0","article-title":"Outcome and profile of ventricular septal rupture with cardiogenic shock after myocardial infarction: a report from the SHOCK Trial Registry. SHould we emergently revascularize Occluded Coronaries in cardiogenic shocK?","volume":"36","author":"Menon","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.05.019","article-title":"2013 ACCF\/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation\/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines","volume":"62","author":"Yancy","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192628","article-title":"State of the science: promoting self-care in persons with heart failure: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"120","author":"Riegel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2013.02.002","article-title":"Clinical pharmacy services in heart failure: an opinion paper from the Heart Failure Society of America and American College of Clinical Pharmacy Cardiology Practice and Research Network","volume":"19","author":"Milfred-Laforest","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2017.08.005","article-title":"Heart failure transitions of care: a pharmacist-led post-discharge pilot experience","volume":"60","author":"Milfred-LaForest","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.252","article-title":"Nurse-coordinated collaborative disease management improves the quality of guideline-recommended heart failure therapy, patient-reported outcomes, and left ventricular remodelling","volume":"17","author":"Guder","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2011.11.002","article-title":"Effectiveness of heart failure management programmes with nurse-led discharge planning in reducing re-admissions: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"49","author":"Lambrinou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.887","article-title":"Physicians\u2019 guideline adherence is associated with better prognosis in outpatients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: the QUALIFY international registry","volume":"19","author":"Komajda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31D","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2006.12.018","article-title":"Nonpharmacologic measures and drug compliance in patients with heart failure: data from the EuroHeart Failure Survey","volume":"99","author":"Lainscak","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcnurse.2009.08.002","article-title":"Effects of the characteristics of teaching on the outcomes of heart failure patient education interventions: a systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Fredericks","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1177\/1474515115584248","article-title":"Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) deactivation discussions: reality versus recommendations","volume":"15","author":"Hill","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1177\/1474515115585237","article-title":"Carers\u2019 needs in advanced heart failure: a systematic narrative review","volume":"15","author":"Doherty","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2030","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2702.2008.02716.x","article-title":"Learning for heart failure patients (the L-HF Patient Study)","volume":"18","author":"Boyde","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcnurse.2009.05.003","article-title":"Learning style and learning needs of heart failure patients (the Need2Know-HF Patient Study)","volume":"8","author":"Boyde","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000151811.53450.B8","article-title":"Discharge education improves clinical outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"111","author":"Koelling","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026080800464489100_ejhf1831-bib-0136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.454","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of exercise training in patients with chronic heart failure: HF-ACTION randomized controlled trial","volume":"301","author":"O\u2019Connor","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Heart Failure"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fejhf.1831","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ejhf.1831","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ejhf.1831","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurjhf\/article-pdf\/22\/8\/1298\/66111924\/eurjhf_22_8_1298.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurjhf\/article-pdf\/22\/8\/1298\/66111924\/eurjhf_22_8_1298.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T04:47:37Z","timestamp":1786164457000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurjhf\/article\/22\/8\/1298\/8385169"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,29]]},"references-count":136,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,29]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejhf.1831","relation":{},"ISSN":["1388-9842","1879-0844"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1388-9842","type":"print"},{"value":"1879-0844","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-08-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-04-06","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-04-29","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}